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Mihiro SHIBUTANI Jibak LEE Takashi MIYANO Masashi MIYAKE 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2015,61(2):106-115
The embryo culture technique has been improving, but the detailed demands for energy substrates such as glucose, fructose, pyruvate and lactate of preimplantation embryos are still unclear. In the present study, the demands of pig preimplantation embryos at each different developmental stage were investigated by use of parthenogenetic diploids as a model of pig preimplantation embryos. Pig parthenogenetic diploids showed different use of glucose and fructose before and after the 4-cell stage. Although glucose supported the development of pig embryos throughout the preimplantation stages and even maintained the expansion and hatching of blastocysts, it suppressed development to the blastocyst stage when glucose coexisted with pyruvate and lactate from 4 h after activation, but not after 48 h (early 4-cell stage). Since ketohexokinase that metabolizes fructose was not expressed in 2-cell and 4-cell diploids, a medium that included only fructose as a major
energy substrate did not support early cleavage of pig diploids beyond the 4-cell stage, and almost no diploids developed to the morula stage just as in a medium without carbohydrates. These results may explain the different suppressive effects on pig preimplantation development between glucose and fructose when pyruvate and lactate were present in a medium. In addition, 4-cell diploids that had been cultured in a medium with pyruvate and lactate developed to the expanded blastocyst stage without any carbohydrates as a major energy substrate. These results show that the demands for carbohydrates are different depending on the developmental stage in pig preimplantation embryos. 相似文献
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Tomoaki ONODA Ryuta YAMAMOTO Kyohei SAWAMURA Yoshinobu INOUE Akira MATSUI Takeshi MIYAKE Nobuhiro HIRAI 《Journal of Equine Science》2011,22(2):37-42
Thoroughbred horses are seasonal mating animals, raised in northern regions or countries.
Foals born yearly in spring generally show a typical seasonal compensatory growth pattern,
in which their growth rate declines in the first winter and increases in the next spring.
In this study, a new empirical adjustment approach is proposed to adjust for this
compensatory growth when growth curve equations are estimated, by using 1,633 male body
weights of Thoroughbreds as an illustrating example. Based on general Richards growth
curve equation, a new growth curve equation was developed and fit to the weight-age data.
The new growth curve equation had a sigmoid sub-function that can adjust the compensatory
growth, combined with the Richards biological parameter responsible for the maturity of
animals. The unknown parameters included in the equations were estimated by SAS NLMIXED
procedure. The goodness of fit was examined by using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC).
The AIC values decreased from 13,053 (general Richards equation) to 12,794 (the newly
developed equation), indicating the better fit of the new equation to the weight-age data.
The shape of the growth curve was improved during the period of compensatory growth. The
proposed method is one of the useful approaches for adjusting seasonal compensatory growth
in growth curve estimations for Thoroughbreds, and for their management during the
compensatory period. Based on this approach, the optimal growth curve equations can be
estimated also for female body weight of Thoroughbreds or other growth traits affected by
seasonal compensatory growth. 相似文献
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Susumu MUROYA Kouichi WATANABE Shinichiro HAYASHI Masato MIYAKE Shigeru KONASHI Youichi SATO Manabu TAKAHASHI Shigeki KAWAHATA Yoshisato YOSHIKAWA Hisashi ASO Koichi CHIKUNI Takahiro YAMAGUCHI 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(6):678-685
To clarify muscle type‐specific effect of myostatin on myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), we examined mRNA expression of MRFs in five skeletal muscles of normal (NM) and myostatin‐deficient double‐muscled (DM) adult Japanese Shorthorn cattle by quantitative reverse‐transcribed PCR. Among the four MRFs, namely, Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4, MyoD expression was different among the muscles of the DM cattle (P < 0.01) but not of the NM cattle. Meanwhile, MyoD expression was significantly elevated only in masseter (MS) muscle in the DM cattle due to the myostatin deficiency (P < 0.05). Myf5 and MRF4 expression in semitendinosus (ST) was higher in the DM than in the NM cattle (P < 0.05). According to analysis of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, more MyHC‐2x and ‐2a and less ‐slow isoforms were expressed in the longissimus and ST muscles compared to the MS muscle in both cattle (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in MyHC expression was observed between the NM and DM cattle. Taken together, myostatin has influences on Myf5 and MRF4 expression in faster‐type muscles and on MyoD expression in slower‐type muscles, suggesting a possible muscle type‐specific effect of myostatin in skeletal muscle growth and maintenance. 相似文献
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Takahisa YAMADA Seiki SASAKI Shin SUKEGAWA Takeshi MIYAKE Tatsuo FUJITA Hiroyuki KOSE Mitsuo MORITA Youichi TAKAHAGI Hiroshi MURAKAMI Fumiki MORIMATSU Yoshiyuki SASAKI 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(6):631-635
Marbling, defined by the amount and distribution of intramuscular fat, is an economically important trait of beef cattle in Japan. The c2‐11#2 expressed sequence tag (EST) has been previously shown to possess expression difference in musculus longissimus muscle between low‐marbled and high‐marbled steer groups, and to be located within genomic region of a quantitative trait locus for marbling. Thus, the ribosomal protein L27a (RPL27A) gene containing the c2‐11#2 EST sequence was considered as a positional candidate for the gene responsible for marbling. In the present study, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the RPL27A, referred to as g.3109537C>T, was detected between the 2 steer groups. The SNP was associated with the predicted breeding value for beef marbling standard number by the analyses using Japanese Black beef cattle population. The effect of genotypes of the SNP on the predicted breeding value for subcutaneous fat thickness was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that the RPL27A SNP may be useful for effective marker‐assisted selection to increase the levels of marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle. 相似文献
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Sachi TANAKA Yasuhiro NAGAI Yoko NOGUCHI Masato MIYAKE Kouichi WATANABE Shyuichi OHWADA Hisashi ASO Takahiro YAMAGUCHI 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(5):597-604
Although distinct cytokine expression in T cell subsets is well understood in mice and humans, limited information is available on bovine T cell subsets. In the present study, we analyzed the mRNA expression of 10 kinds of cytokines and CD25 expression in CD4+ , CD8+ , WC1+ and WC1- γδ T cell subsets in bovine peripheral blood by Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation. CD25 expression was significantly increased in CD4+ , CD8+ and WC1+ γδ T cells, but not in WC1- γδ T cells by Con A stimulation. In CD4+ T cells, the mRNAs of Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were expressed in control cultures, and IL-3, IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were newly expressed when the cells were stimulated with Con A. CD8+ T cells expressed the mRNAs of IL-6, TNF-α, TNF-β and TGF-β in control cultures, and newly expressed those of IL-2, IFN-γ and GM-CSF, but did not express those of IL-3, IL-4 or IL-10 after Con A stimulation. The cytokine expression profile of WC1+ γδ T cells was similar to that of CD8+ T cells. However, WC1- γδ T cells did not express any cytokine mRNA except TGF-â mRNA. These results will contribute to elucidate the participation of T cell subsets in immune responses against infectious disease in cattle. 相似文献
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