Spittlebugs as vectors of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylella fastidiosa</Emphasis> in olive orchards in Italy     

Daniele Cornara  Maria Saponari  Adam R. Zeilinger  Angelo de Stradis  Donato Boscia  Giuliana Loconsole  Domenico Bosco  Giovanni P. Martelli  Rodrigo P. P. Almeida  Francesco Porcelli 《Journal of pest science》2017,90(2):521-530

The recent introduction of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe and its involvement in the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) in Apulia (Salento, Lecce district, South Italy) led us to investigate the biology and transmission ability of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, which was recently demonstrated to transmit X. fastidiosa to periwinkle plants. Four xylem-sap-feeding insect species were found within and bordering olive orchards across Salento during a survey carried out from October 2013 to December 2014: P. spumarius was the most abundant species on non-olive vegetation in olive orchards as well as on olive foliage and was the only species that consistently tested positive for the presence of X. fastidiosa using real-time PCR. P. spumarius, whose nymphs develop within spittle on weeds during the spring, are likely to move from weeds beneath olive trees to olive canopy during the dry period (May to October 2014). The first X. fastidiosa-infective P. spumarius were collected in May from olive canopy: all the individuals previously collected on weeds tested negative for the bacterium. Experiments demonstrated that P. spumarius transmitted X. fastidiosa from infected to uninfected olive plants. Moreover, P. spumarius acquired X. fastidiosa from several host plant species in the field, with the highest acquisition rate from olive, polygala and acacia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed bacterial cells resembling X. fastidiosa in the foreguts of adult P. spumarius. The data presented here are essential to plan an effective IPM strategy and limit further spread of the fastidious bacterium.  相似文献   

Predatory ability of the ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crematogaster scutellaris</Emphasis> on the brown marmorated stink bug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halyomorpha halys</Emphasis>     

Cristina Castracani  Giacomo Bulgarini  Daniele Giannetti  Fiorenza A. Spotti  Lara Maistrello  Alessandra Mori  Donato A. Grasso 《Journal of pest science》2017,90(4):1181-1190

The pest Halyomorpha halys is a recent example of severe worldwide biological invasion. In Italy, after the first detection in 2012, it has rapidly spread and economic damage has already been reported in commercial fruit orchards, eliciting enormous concern for Italian agricultural production. As a long-term solution, biological control investigations are focusing on the potential of natural antagonists, such as generalist predators, in the invaded areas. Due to their biology, ecology and behavior, ants represent one such generalist predator potentially suitable for inflicting mortality on H. halys. In this research, Crematogaster scutellaris was used as a study model. Specifically, the effect of ant predatory behavior on the survival of all H. halys pre-imaginal stages was tested in the laboratory environment. The results suggest that C. scutellaris has a significant predatory impact on all H. halys pre-imaginal stages except for eggs. The reduction of survivorship is between 95 and 85% for instars 1 and 2 and between 38 and 52% for instars 3, 4 and 5. The different levels of predation success suggest that these ants could act as useful generalist predators when associated with other antagonists and/or other control strategies. Although further field investigations are needed, the potential of ants as biocontrol agents of invasive species in agroecosystems deserves consideration in integrated pest management programs.  相似文献   

Concentrations of potentially toxic elements and soil environmental quality evaluation of a typical Prosecco vineyard of the Veneto region (NE Italy)     

Alba Gallo  Daniele Zannoni  Gabrio Valotto  Mandana Nadimi-Goki  Claudio Bini 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(11):3280-3289

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Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of aerial parts of Grindelia robusta from Central Italy     

Fraternale D  Giamperi L  Bucchini A  Ricci D 《Fitoterapia》2007,78(6):443-445

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from Grindelia robusta aerial parts from central Italy was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and 45 components were identified. Borneol (15.2%), alpha pinene (10.3%), trans-pinocarveol (7.0%), bornyl acetate (4.5%), limonene (4.3%) were the main components. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using the DPPH and 5-lipoxygenase tests.  相似文献   

Flexible delivery schedules to improve farm irrigation and reduce pressure on groundwater: a case study in southern Italy   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Daniele Zaccaria  Ines Oueslati  Christopher M. U. Neale  Nicola Lamaddalena  Michele Vurro  Luis S. Pereira 《Irrigation Science》2010,28(3):257-270

This study was conducted on an irrigated area of southern Italy to analyze the current operation of a large-scale irrigation delivery system and the effects of the operation procedures on crop irrigation management and aquifer salinity increase. The area is characterized by relatively high levels of groundwater salinity in the summer that are probably due to intensive groundwater pumping by farmers during periods of peak irrigation demand, with the resulting seawater intrusion. Two alternative delivery schedules, namely the rotation delivery schedule and the flexible delivery schedule, referred to as RDS and FDS, respectively, were simulated using a soil-water balance model under different combinations of crop, soil and climatic conditions. The first set of simulations concerned the farm irrigation management constrained by the rotational delivery used by the local water management organization. The second scenario simulated the farm irrigation schedule most commonly used by growers in the area for maximizing crop yields. Based on crop irrigation management under RDS and FDS, two alternative operational scenarios were also developed at the scheme level and then compared for evaluation. Winter and summer salinity maps of the aquifer were developed by interpolating salinity measurements of the groundwater samples collected during the 2006 irrigation season. From these maps, a close relationship can be inferred among delivery schedule, aquifer exploitation and salinity increase, which justifies the need for implementing FDS that might reduce the groundwater demand for irrigation.  相似文献   

Sourdough bread: Starch digestibility and postprandial glycemic response   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Francesca Scazzina  Daniele Del Rio  Nicoletta Pellegrini  Furio Brighenti 《Journal of Cereal Science》2009,49(3):419-421

To evaluate the influence of sourdough fermentation on starch digestibility in bread, four experimental breads were obtained, prepared from two different wheat flours (whole or white) by two different leavening techniques (sourdough and with Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Products were analyzed for their starch, fiber and resistant starch (RS) content and then submitted to in vitro hydrolysis with porcine alpha-amylase. On the same breads, postprandial blood glucose was evaluated in healthy human subjects. Both sourdough fermented breads gave glycaemic responses significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the corresponding products leavened with S. cerevisiae. On the contrary, the presence of fiber did not influence the glycaemic potential of breads. RS levels were higher in the sourdough products, whereas no differences were observed either in the rate of starch hydrolysis or in the degree of polymerization of the starch residues after the in vitro hydrolysis. We may conclude that sourdough fermentation is a technique able to reduce the glycaemic response to bread and that the mechanism does not seem related to the rate of starch hydrolysis.  相似文献   

Implementing a globally harmonized risk assessment‐based approach for regulatory decision‐making of crop protection products     

Douglas C Wolf  Manoj Aggarwal  Michael Battalora  Ann Blacker  Shadia I Catalano  Karen Cazarin  Daniele Lautenschalaeger  Mariana C Pais  Mauricio Rodríguez  Kent Rupprecht  Tessa L Serex  Jyotigna Mehta 《Pest management science》2020,76(10):3311-3315

A global, harmonized evaluation system for crop protection chemicals based on exposure and risk will improve the ability to inform risk management decisions and better support innovation. This would be achieved through harmonized risk assessment‐based regulatory decision‐making realized through the application of the best available science, via integration of new methods and traditional data to create tailored exposure‐driven risk assessments. A requirement to achieve success is a structure that encourages direct communication between the regulatory community and the regulated industry, which would enable a more rapid incorporation of new technologies and advancing science. An approach that emulates the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) for pharmaceuticals would bring together regulatory authorities and the regulated industry along with relevant experts from academia and Non‐Governmental Organizations to discuss scientific and technical advances and their implementation. These discussions would also encourage the elimination of outmoded practices that no longer serve a purpose resulting in more uniform testing requirements and best practices for data evaluation to support safe use and scientifically defensible human health and environmental risk assessments. New and developing technologies offer exciting opportunities to improve the current toxicity testing paradigms to provide better solutions and diminish animal testing. Implementation of a harmonized approach will increase the speed, efficiency and accuracy of regulatory decision‐making for human health and environmental protection while increasing the efficiency of providing safe and effective innovative products to the agriculture community. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Metabolic fingerprinting of water‐stressed soybean cultivars by gas chromatography,near‐infrared and UV‐visible spectroscopy combined with chemometrics     

Virgílio G. Uarrota  Cristiane Segatto  Ana Paula L. Voytena  Marcelo Maraschin  Linda Vsquez Avila  Daniele C. S. Kazama  Cileide M. M. Coelho  Clovis Arruda Souza 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2019,205(2):141-156

Aiming to assess the impact of water deficit on agronomic, photosynthetic and biochemical parameters of two soybean cultivars during reproductive stage, soybean plants were subjected to three gravimetric humidity levels. Water deficit decreased the leaf relative water content, leaf dry matter content, dried pod weight, grain weight, chlorophyll activity, linolenic acid, pentadecanoid and palmitoleic acid, and increased stearic, lauric, linoleic, myristic, oleic, palmitic and tricosanoic acids. Reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation were accompanied by the activation of antioxidant defence system. Changes in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, methyl, methylene, aromatic amine, polysaccharides, phenolics, carotenoids, proteins, C‐H aryl group, alkyl alcohols, polyamide, amide, ethers and esters, primary amide, N‐H secondary amine were observed. Principal component analysis and network correlations revealed dried shoot weight, malondihaldeyde, phenolics, proline, guaiacol peroxidase, stearic, tricosanoic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, myristic and lauric acids as the most important variables related to water deficit. Cultivar CV5959 was most tolerant than CV 5909. Despite the important variables found in this study, further research in data integration is needed for better understanding of the potential bio‐markers of water deficit and future development of its signalling pathways.  相似文献   

Antioxidant activity of Citrus paradisi seeds glyceric extract   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Giamperi L  Fraternale D  Bucchini A  Ricci D 《Fitoterapia》2004,75(2):221-224

The antioxidant activity of Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) seeds glyceric extract dissolved in ethanol and in aqueous media was evaluated using three different methods: evaluation by DPPH assay, by 5-lipoxygenase assay and by luminol/xanthine/xanthine oxidase chemiluminescence assay. The total phenolic content was determined by the Prussian Blue method opportunely modified. The grapefruit seeds glyceric extract utilized as aqueous solutions demonstrated antioxidant properties better than those displayed by alcoholic solutions.  相似文献   

Characterization of transgenic male sterility in alfalfa   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Daniele Rosellini  Mario Pezzotti  Fabio Veronesi 《Euphytica》2001,118(3):313-319

Dependable male sterility would help to make hybrid cultivar development a reality in alfalfa once higher levels of heterosis are attained. Alfalfa plants obtained by genetic transformation with a construct containing the Barnase gene under the control of a tobacco anther tapetum specific promoter were studied. Vacuolization and degeneration of the tapetal cell cytoplasm at a premeiotic stage of development were observed in all five transformed plants (T₀)examined, but the severity of the abnormalities varied greatly among pollen sacs of a genotype. During the meiotic stage, some pollen sacs showed reduction in size, and the tapetum generally appeared thinner when compared to those of the non transgenic plants; tapetal cells showed abnormal vacuolization and signs of cytoplasm degeneration. Despite this, some microspores were formed and some pollen grains were shed in all the T₀ plants, but these were highly variable in size and had very low in vitro germinability. Self-fertility was negligible. The T₀ plants were crossed with one or two unrelated non transgenic male-fertile plants. Mendelian segregation was observed with two exceptions. Instability of the trait in F₁ progenies was noticed, varying for different T₀ parents. F₁ plants exhibiting higher sterility than the primary transformants were observed, indicating that it should be possible to obtain good male sterile plants by backcrossing this trait into different genetic backgrounds. The possible use of this transgenic male sterility in alfalfa breeding is briefly discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献