Fuelling the fisheries subsidy debate: Agreements, loopholes and implications     

Sarah Harper  Daniele Bevacqua 《Fisheries Research》2012,113(1):143-146

There is a general consensus that most subsidies to fisheries, particularly fuel subsidies, are harmful to both the economy and the environment. As the World Trade Organization struggles to come to an agreement on fisheries subsidies, understanding the position of the negotiating countries is crucial. As we move toward more sustainable regulations, we must ensure that no loopholes exist for countries to evade binding regulations. In this note, we use the example of the United States to illustrate how arguments for exemptions can lead to such loopholes. The United States provides interesting insight, as it appears that their support for a ban on fisheries subsidies may be contingent upon a legal pun, which would allow them and other countries to carry on subsidizing fuel to their fishing fleets into the future.  相似文献   

Nectar sugars and bird visitation define a floral niche for basidiomycetous yeast on the Canary Islands     

Moritz Mittelbach  Andrey M Yurkov  Daniele Nocentini  Massimo Nepi  Maximilian Weigend  Dominik Begerow 《BMC ecology》2015,15(1)

Background

Studies on the diversity of yeasts in floral nectar were first carried out in the late 19^th century. A narrow group of fermenting, osmophilous ascomycetes were regarded as exclusive specialists able to populate this unique and species poor environment. More recently, it became apparent that microorganisms might play an important role in the process of plant pollination. Despite the importance of these nectar dwelling yeasts, knowledge of the factors that drive their diversity and species composition is scarce.

Results

In this study, we linked the frequencies of yeast species in floral nectars from various host plants on the Canary Islands to nectar traits and flower visitors. We estimated the structuring impact of pollination syndromes (nectar volume, sugar concentration and sugar composition) on yeast diversity.The observed total yeast diversity was consistent with former studies, however, the present survey yielded additional basidiomycetous yeasts in unexpectedly high numbers. Our results show these basidiomycetes are significantly associated with ornithophilous flowers. Specialized ascomycetes inhabit sucrose-dominant nectars, but are surprisingly rare in nectar dominated by monosaccharides.

Conclusions

There are two conclusions from this study: (i) a shift of floral visitors towards ornithophily alters the likelihood of yeast inoculation in flowers, and (ii) low concentrated hexose-dominant nectar promotes colonization of flowers by basidiomycetes. In the studied floral system, basidiomycete yeasts are acknowledged as regular members of nectar. This challenges the current understanding that nectar is an ecological niche solely occupied by ascomycetous yeasts.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-015-0036-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

Application of PCR-RFLP technique to species identification and phylogenetic analysis of Streptomyces associated with potato scab in Brazil based on partial atpD gene sequences     

Daniele Bussioli Alves Corrêa  Denise Salomão  Júlio Rodrigues-Neto  Ricardo Harakava  Suzete Aparecida Lanza Destéfano 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2015,142(1):1-12

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Inheritance of resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne enterolobii</Emphasis> and individual selection in segregating populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psidium</Emphasis> spp     

Vicente Martins Gomes  Rodrigo Moreira Ribeiro  Alexandre Pio Viana  Ricardo Moreira de Souza  Eileen Azevedo Santos  Daniele Lima Rodrigues  Odimar Ferreira de Almeida 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,148(3):699-708

Interaction between the phytonematode Meloidogyne enterolobii and the fungus Fusarium solani has caused direct and indirect losses in the entire guava production chain and consequent extermination of guava plantations throughout Brazil. The combined action of these two pathogens is known as “guava decline”. In order to obtain and assess Psidium spp. interspecific hybrids for resistance to the nematode M. enterolobii, interspecific crosses of P. guineense (susceptible araçá) x P. cattleyanum (resistant araçá); P.guineense (susceptible araçá) x P. guajava (susceptible guava) and P. cattleyanum (resistant araçá) x P. guajava (susceptible guava) were conducted. These crosses resulted in hybrid immune, susceptible and resistant to Meloidogyne enterolobii. The chi-square test rejected the hypothesis of monogenic inheritance with incomplete dominance, which corroborates that this trait has polygenic action. Predictions of genetic values ??and parameters were obtained by the REML / BLUP procedure, at individual level. Finally, the 30 selected individuals (immune and resistant) were obtained, which will be backcrossed with guava for the recovery of the agronomic traits desired and subsequent release of a new cultivar.  相似文献   

Erratum to: Effect of organic and mineral N fertilizers on N2Oemissions from an intensive vegetable rotation     

Daniele De Rosa  David W. Rowlings  Johannes Biala  Clemens Scheer  Bruno Basso  James McGree  Peter R. Grace 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2016,52(6):909-909

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Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Syringohydromyelia and Segmental Hypoplasia of the Lumbar Spinal Cord in a Calf     

S. Testoni  S. Mazzariol  D.P. Daniele  A. Gentile 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2012,26(6):1485-1489

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Could fetal fluid and membranes be an alternative source for Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in the feline species? A preliminary study     

Iacono E  Cunto M  Zambelli D  Ricci F  Tazzari PL  Merlo B 《Veterinary research communications》2012,36(2):107-118

Domestic cats are preferred models for normal physiology and several human diseases. In the present study feline fetal fluids and membranes were evaluated as possible sources of MSCs. Samples were recovered from 4 pregnant queens after ovarian-hysterectomy. Gestational sacs were separated from uterine wall; after allantoic and amniotic fluids aspiration and chorion-allantois and amniotic membranes separation, all cell lineages were cultured into 25 cm(2) flasks, in DMEM/TCM199, in a 5% CO(2) incubator at 38.5 °C. At passage 3, chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability were evaluated by culturing cell monolayers in differentiating media for 21 days. Cellular characterization with CD90, CD44, CD105, CD73, CD34, CD14, CD45, was performed by flow cytometry. In all samples, adherent fibroblastoid spindle-shaped cells were observed. Positive von Kossa and Alizarin Red staining confirmed osteogenesis. Alcian blue staining of matrix glycosaminoglycans illustrated chondrogenesis, and positive Oil Red O lipid droplets within cell cytoplasm suggested adipogenesis. All cell lines isolated were positive for CD90, CD44, CD105 and negative for CD34, CD14 and CD45; as unexpected and different from human cells, feline cells resulted negative for CD73. Based on this preliminary results, fetal fluids and membranes could represent an alternative sources for mesenchymal stem cells in feline species.  相似文献   

Molecular and morpho-physiological characterization of sea,ruderal and cultivated beets     

Massimo Saccomani  Piergiorgio Stevanato  Daniele Trebbi  J. Mitchell McGrath  Enrico Biancardi 《Euphytica》2009,169(1):19-29

Beta vulgaris genetic resources are essential for broadening genetic base of sugar beet and developing cultivars adapted to adverse environmental conditions. Wild beets (sea beets, B. vulgaris spp. maritima and their naturalized introgressions with cultivated beets known as ruderal beets) harbor substantial genetic diversity that could be useful for beet improvement. Here, we compared molecular and morpho-physiological traits of wild beets collected on the Adriatic coast of Italy with sugar beet using eight primer-pairs amplifying 194 polymorphic fragments and four root traits (glucose and fructose content in the root tip, root elongation rate, number of the of root tips, total root length and its distribution among diameters ranges). Genetic diversity was higher in the sea beet accession, which may be due to the highly variable selection pressures that occur in heterogeneous ecological niches, compared with the ruderal and cultivated beets. Sea and sugar beet accessions showed contrasting root patterns in response to sulfate deprivation: sugar beet showed an increase of reducing sugars in the root tips and higher root elongation rate, and the sea beet accession showed an increase in root tip number, total root length and fine root length (average diameter < 0.5 mm). The ruderal beet showed intermediary responses to sea and sugar beet accessions. AFLP and morpho-physiological cluster analyzes showed sea, ruderal and cultivated beets to be genetically distinct groups. The results of this study indicate variability in response to sulfate deprivation is present in undomesticated beets that could be deployed for sugar beet improvement.  相似文献   

On the distribution ofPhenacoccus yerushalmi Ben-Dov (hemiptera: coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in the mediterranean basin     

Yair Ben-Dov  Daniele Matile-Ferrero 《Phytoparasitica》2001,29(2):167-167

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Characterization of biotype T ofBemisia tabaci associated withEuphorbia characias in Sicily     

Stefano Demichelis  Claudio Arnò  Domenico Bosco  Daniele Marian  Piero Caciagli 《Phytoparasitica》2005,33(2):196-208

The T biotype ofBemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889), a population found colonizingEuphorbia characias L. plants on the Nebrodi-Peloritani mountains in Sicily, was biologically characterized. The minimum development time was 29.7 days at 28°C. Based on the regression of 1/dayvs T, the rate of development was calculated as 0.00206, the theoretical lower temperature threshold for development as 9.3°C, and the sum of effective temperatures as 485.1. At 25° C, egg-to-adult development was significantly shorter onDatura stramonium (30.1 days) than on eitherEuphorbia pulcherrima orEuphorbia characias (35.6 and 35.4 days, respectively). The fourth instar nymphs grown onD. stramonium had the typical oval outline and seven pairs of dorsal setae located on cone-like processes, often barely visible. The fourth instar nymphs and their pupal cases grown onE. characias had the outline deformed by the presence of hairs on the lower surface of the leaf. The pupae onD. stramonium were significantly larger (both longer and wider) than those reared onE. characias; on both host plants, female pupae were significantly larger than male ones. Analysis of variance showed that width of females onD. stramonium was significantly larger than the width of those reared onE. characias. Attempts at courtship between T- and Q-biotypes were observed, but adults from different biotypes were never seen mating. Only males were obtained from the seven heterologous crossing attempts, either way, whereas homologous, control breeding produced males and females. The T biotype was able to transmitTomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia begomovirus (TYLCSV) fromD. stramonium toD. stramonium, from tomato to tomato and from tomato toD. stramonium. Attempts to transmit TYLCSV fromD. stramonium to tomato were unsuccessful. The transmission efficiency was significantly lower when tomato was the test plant. The diverse biology and ecology of the T biotype confirm that it is genetically different from most Mediterranean biotypes. This paper is dedicated to the dear memory of our colleague Dr Claudio Arnò, who died on March 12, 2004, while this paper was being written.  相似文献