Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland          下载免费PDF全文

L. O'Sullivan  F. Bampa  K. Knights  R. E. Creamer 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(2):346-363

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.  相似文献   

Novel mechanism of thrips suppression by Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt toxin expressed in cotton     

Anders S Huseth  Damon A D&#x;Ambrosio  Benjamin T Yorke  Graham P Head  George G Kennedy 《Pest management science》2020,76(4):1492-1499

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Drivers of fine-scale avian functional diversity with changing land use: an assessment of the effects of eco-estate housing development and management     

Alexander  Jarryd  Ehlers Smith  David A.  Ehlers Smith  Yvette C.  Downs  Colleen T. 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(3):537-549

Landscape Ecology - The effects of changing land use, and especially urbanisation, on species and functional diversity are of global concern. Eco-estates are a form of urban housing development...  相似文献   

Verrucosamide,a Cytotoxic 1,4-Thiazepane-Containing Thiodepsipeptide from a Marine-Derived Actinomycete     

Vimal Nair  Min Cheol Kim  James A. Golen  Arnold L. Rheingold  Gabriel A. Castro  Paul R. Jensen  William Fenical 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)

A new cytotoxic thiodepsipeptide, verrucosamide (1), was isolated along with the known, related cyclic peptide thiocoraline, from the extract of a marine-derived actinomycete, a Verrucosispora sp., our strain CNX-026. The new peptide, which is composed of two rare seven-membered 1,4-thiazepane rings, was elucidated by a combination of spectral methods and the absolute configuration was determined by a single X-ray diffraction study. Verrucosamide (1) showed moderate cytotoxicity and selectivity in the NCI 60 cell line bioassay. The most susceptible cell lines were MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma with an LD₅₀ of 1.26 µM, and COLO 205 colon adenocarcinoma with an LD₅₀ of 1.4 µM. Also isolated along with verrucosamide were three small 3-hydroxy(alkoxy)-quinaldic acid derivatives that appear to be products of the same biosynthetic pathway.  相似文献   

The advantages of the use of vitamin E and selenium for the prevention and therapy of porcine stress syndrome     

T H?nichen  K Heinritzi  W Bollwahn  H M Blendl 《Tier?rztliche Praxis》1988,16(2):147-151

In a feeding trial lasting for months Halothane-positive fattening pigs were put on a diet containing different concentrations of vitamin E and selenium. After a Myostress application vitamin E and selenium were additionally injected in order to examine stress resistance (CK-test) and regenerative capacity (histological examination of Musculus longissimus dorsi) of skeletal muscle. The study revealed that neither high dietary levels of vitamin E/selenium nor a vitamin E/selenium treatment applied after stress are capable of preventing stress related myopathy nor can they influence its healing up favourably.  相似文献   

Clinical response of nasal adenocarcinoma to cisplatin chemotherapy in 11 dogs.     

K A Hahn  D W Knapp  R C Richardson  C L Matlock 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,200(3):355-357

In 11 dogs with nasal adenocarcinoma, IV treatment with 2 to 8 cycles of cisplatin at a dosage of 60 mg/m2 of body surface, given at 3-week intervals, resulted in a survival time of 8 to 128 weeks (mean, 32.7 weeks; median, 20 weeks). Radiography revealed complete remission in 2 dogs and partial remission in 1 dog, for an overall response rate of 27%. Clinical problems such as nasal discharge (n = 11), sneezing (n = 6), and epistaxis (n = 4) resolved in 1 to 2 weeks in all dogs after beginning chemotherapy.  相似文献   

Effect of a supply of raw or extruded rapeseeds on digestion in dairy cows.     

A Ferlay  F Legay  D Bauchart  C Poncet  M Doreau 《Journal of animal science》1992,70(3):915-923

The influence of extruded oilseeds on total tract digestibility and ruminal digestion in dairy cows was studied in three cows fed a hay-concentrate (60.5/39.5; 3.7% fatty acids in diet on DM basis) control diet (C) or the same diet supplemented with raw (R) or extruded (ER) rapeseeds (8.0% fatty acids in diet DM). The experimental design was a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Compared with diet C, diets containing rapeseed decreased ruminal OM digestibility (9.5%, P less than .10) and increased (P less than .05) the proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid VFA. Extrusion had no effect on DM and OM total tract digestibilities and increased (P less than .10) N digestion. Microbial N flow at the duodenum was calculated taking into account solid-adherent bacteria (SAB) and liquid-associated bacteria (LAB). Duodenal flows of total, SAB, and LAB of OM and N did not change with diet. Extrusion of the rapeseeds did not modify (P less than .10) the proportion of bacterial N at the duodenum and had no effect on crude fiber digestibility. This trial demonstrates that rapeseeds in hay-based diets can be fed at levels of up to 14% of the diet without adversely affecting crude fiber digestibility.  相似文献   

Factors affecting skim milk progesterone assay results.     

R F Nachreiner  S J Oschmann  L E Edqvist  J I Richards 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(7):1085-1089

Five studies were performed to determine factors affecting progesterone concentration in skim milk. Results of the first study indicated that progesterone concentration was higher in skim milk of samples kept 16 hours in an ice bath (0 C) than of those left at room temperature (21 C). In the second study, this temperature effect was found to be reversible, with skim milk progesterone concentration increasing when whole milk samples were cooled prior to centrifugation. In the third study, [3H]-labeled progesterone was used to determine the relationship between fat content of foremilk (the first milk obtained from the teats), midmilk (milk obtained midway through milking), and strippings (milk obtained immediately after milking machines have been removed) samples and temperature (4 C and 21 C) on the percentage of progesterone in the skim milk fraction. The relationship between percentage of butterfat and percentage of progesterone in skim milk was linear when the log of these variables was used for calculations. In the fourth study, assayable progesterone in the skim milk fraction of foremilk, midmilk, and strippings was affected by temperature. In the fifth study, a multiple-regression procedure was used to determine the amount of variation in percentage of radioactive progesterone in the skim milk fraction. Independent variables (whole milk butterfat and temperature of incubation [1, 3, 13, 22, 37, and 50 C]) and the natural log of each variable, were entered into a stepwise multiple-regression analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

Comparative virulence of Haemophilus parasuis serovars 1 to 7 in guinea pigs.     

V J Rapp-Gabrielson  D A Gabrielson  G J Schamber 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(6):987-994

Reference strains for Haemophilus parasuis serovars 1 to 7 were examined for virulence by inoculation of guinea pigs. Guinea pig response to intraperitoneal inoculation was similar for the 7 reference strains. However, apparent differences in virulence were detected after intratracheal inoculation. Cells of the references strains for serovars 1 and 5 were most invasive, causing moribundity or death at higher doses and a persistent septicemia at lower doses. Haemophilus parasuis could be isolated from respiratory and systemic sites; purulent bronchopneumonia, pericarditis, and pleuritis were apparent in infected guinea pigs. Inoculation of cells of the reference strains for serovars 2 and 6 also resulted in bronchopneumonia and moribundity or death in some guinea pigs; however, reisolation of H parasuis and microscopic lesions at necropsy were less pronounced than those observed with serovars 1 and 5. Inoculation of cells of serovars 3, 4 and 7 induced only transient clinical signs and minimal evidence of H parasuis infection at necropsy. The data from intratracheal inoculation of guinea pigs are similar to data from other investigations in swine, indicating differences in the pathogenic potential of H parasuis strains. Thus, guinea pigs may be useful as a laboratory animal model for examining cellular factors associated with virulence and immunogenicity of H parasuis.  相似文献   

Ultrastructural observations on autolytic changes of atrial specific granules in pig heart.     

M Castagnaro  A Benatti  F Guarda 《Research in veterinary science》1992,52(1):120-122

The progressive autolytic changes of atrial specific granules (ASGS) up to 24 hours after death were studied electron microscopically. Tissue samples taken from the left auricular myocardium of four pig hearts at 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, 6, 12 and 24 hours post mortem were fixed for 24 hours by immersion in 2.5 per cent cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4). Two pig hearts were kept at 20 degrees C and two at 4 degrees C. Although typical autolytic changes were seen in many organelles, no remarkable modifications in aspect, distribution, content and diameter of ASGS were observed in all samples. The results of this study indicate that ASGS are not morphologically affected by the autolytic processes, at least during the first 24 hours. Hence, the electron microscopic evaluation of ASGS does not need a particular fixation method such as perfusion. This may eliminate technical problems when slaughterhouse material is used.  相似文献