Four near-isogenic lines of cotton with different genes for bacterial blight resistance     

Essenberg M  Bayles MB  Samad RA  Hall JA  Brinkerhoff LA  Verhalen LM 《Phytopathology》2002,92(12):1323-1328

ABSTRACT The development and genetic characterization of four near-isogenic lines (NILs) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is described herein. Each line contains a single, but different, gene for resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. The lines were derived using at least six backcrosses to the susceptible recurrent parent 'Acala 44', followed by single plant-progeny row selection for uniformity. The NILs are homozygous for the B(2), B(4), B(In), or b(7) genes and are designated as AcB(2), AcB(4), AcB(In), and Acb(7), respectively. In the 'Acala 44' background, B(2), B(4), and B(In) are partially dominant genes; b(7) is partially recessive. Relative strengths of resistance conferred by those genes toward race 1 of the pathogen were B(4) b(7)>B(In) B(2). B(4), B(In), and b(7) each conferred resistance toward X. campestris pv. malvacearum carrying a single avirulence gene, whereas B(2) was less specific.  相似文献   

Optimum bias in selection index parameters estimated with uncertainty     

Amer PR  Hofer A 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》1994,111(1-6):89-101

SUMMARY: In the derivation of selection index weights it is typically assumed that population and economic parameters are known with certainty. In practice, however, estimates of selection index parameters must be used instead of the true parameters. It is shown that when errors in parameter estimates have asymmetrical effects on the efficiency of a selection index, the expected response from selection can be increased by biasing parameter estimates. In this way, the probability of making errors which result in large reductions in efficiency is reduced. A method of deriving optimum (biased) selection index weights when there is uncertainty in parameters is described. The method incorporates the error probability distributions of parameters estimated with uncertainty. In some examples, moderate (2-5%) increases in the expected response from selection occurred with uncertain heritability and economic weight estimates. Overall however, increases in selection response vary depending on the true index and are usually small (0 to .5 %) unless parameter estimates are extremely uncertain. Failure to account for uncertainty in unbiased parameters leads to over estimation of the value of selection. Applications of the method for both practical and theoretical purposes are discussed with specific reference to animal improvement programs. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Optimale Verzerrung von ungenau gesch?tzten Selektionsindex-Parametern Bei der Ableitung von Selektionsindex-Gewichten wird üblicherweise angenommen, da? die Populationsparameter und wirtschaftlichen Gewichte genau bekannt sind. In der praktischen Anwendung müssen jedoch Sch?tzwerte anstelle der wahren Parameter verwendet werden. über- und Untersch?tzungen der Parameter zeigen asymmetrische Effekte auf die Effizienz von Selektionsindices. Es wird gezeigt, da? der erwartete Selektionserfolg gesteigert werden kann, wenn verzerrte Parametersch?tzwerte verwendet werden. Dabei wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Fehlern, welche zu gro?en Effizienzverlusten führen, verringert. Es wird eine Methode zur Ableitung der optimalen (verzerrten) Selektionsindex-Parameter beschrieben. Die Methode berücksichtigt die Verteilung der Sch?tzfehler. In einigen Beispielen von ungenau gesch?tzten Heritabilit?ten und wirtschaftlichen Gewichten wurden bescheidene (2 bis 5%) Steigerungen des erwarteten Selektionserfolges gefunden. Im allgemeinen waren die erwarteten Effizienzsteigerungen jedoch klein (0 bis 0,5%), au?er bei Parametern mit extrem gro?en Sch?tzfehlern. Werden die Sch?tzfehler der im Selektionsindex verwendeten Parameter nicht berücksichtigt, wird der erwartete Selektionsfortschritt übersch?tzt. Praktische und theoretische Anwendungsm?glichkeiten werden diskutiert.  相似文献   

Primary mandibular hemangiosarcoma in a bull     

Keith P. Poulsen  Alexandra C. McSloy  Melanie Perrier  Michael A. Prichard  Howard Steinberg  Susan D. Semrad 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2008,49(9):901-903

Disseminated pulmonary and subcutaneous-muscular hemangiosarcoma at the left hemimandible was diagnosed postmortem in a 2-year-old Jersey bull that presented with a 7-day history of facial swelling from suspected traumatic injury. Hemangiosarcoma is uncommon in cattle and has never been reported to affect the bones of the skull.  相似文献   

Cryptorchidism and sex ratio are associated in dogs and pigs     

Dolf G  Gaillard C  Schelling C  Hofer A  Leighton E 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(10):2480-2485

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the occurrence of cryptorchidism in a litter is associated with the sex ratio in this litter. The analysis included for dog 1,339 litters of 4 different breeds, of which 12.8% had 1 and 3.1% had 2 cryptorchids, and for pig 119,920 litters of 14 different populations, of which 2.2% had 1 and 0.2% had 2 cryptorchids. The data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. In dog, the presence of cryptorchids in a litter does not affect litter size or the stillborn rate. In pig, litter size increases significantly with an increasing number of cryptorchids in a litter. The stillborn rate in pig is larger in litters with cryptorchids than in litters without cryptorchids. To characterize the imbalance of the sexes in a litter, the sex ratio, defined as the number of live males divided by the number of live offspring, and the sex difference, defined as the number of live males minus the number of live females, were used as dependent variables in the analyses. In both dog and pig, the presence of 1 or 2 cryptorchids in a litter clearly goes together with a shift in both the sex ratio and the sex difference in a litter, in favor of male offspring. Our results in dog and pig suggest a common underlying mechanism affecting both cryptorchidism and sex ratio, which may hold true in other mammals as well.  相似文献   

Dendritic cell leukemia in a Golden Retriever     

Allison RW  Brunker JD  Breshears MA  Avery AC  Moore PF  Affolter VK  Vernau W 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2008,37(2):190-197

An 8-year-old castrated male Golden Retriever was evaluated for decreased appetite, lethargy, and labored breathing of 1-week duration. Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were present. Results of a CBC revealed marked leukocytosis (62,600/microL; reference interval 4000-15,500/microL) and large numbers of atypical cells (30,700/microL) with abundant cytoplasm. There was no concurrent anemia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia. Morphology of the atypical cells was most consistent with a histiocytic origin. Similar cells were identified in bone marrow aspirates, and were morphologically suggestive of the macrophage variant of disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. However, flow cytometry of the abnormal circulating cells revealed CD1c, CD11c, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II expression without expression of CD11d or lymphoid markers, consistent with myeloid dendritic antigen-presenting cells. At necropsy, the splenic architecture was effaced by neoplastic histiocytes that were also infiltrating lung, liver, an abdominal lymph node, myocardium, an bone marrow. Immunohistochemistry of the splenic neoplastic cells confirmed dendritic cell origin (CD1c+, CD11c+, MHC II+, no expression of CD11d and lymphoid markers). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of canine dendritic cell leukemia-in this instance accompanied by marked tissue infiltration.  相似文献   

How commercial fishing effort is managed     

Christopher M. Anderson  Melissa J. Krigbaum  Martin C. Arostegui  Megan L. Feddern  John Zachary Koehn  Peter T. Kuriyama  Christina Morrisett  Caitlin I. Allen Akselrud  Melanie J. Davis  Courtney Fiamengo  Ava Fuller  Qi Lee  Katherine N. McElroy  Maite Pons  Jessica Sanders 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(2):268-285

Wild capture fisheries produce 90 million tonnes of food each year and have the potential to provide sustainable livelihoods for nearly 40 million people around the world ( http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf ). After decades of overfishing since industrialization, many global fish stocks have recovered, a change brought about through effective management. We provide a synthetic overview of three approaches that managers use to sustain stocks: regulating catch and fishing mortality, regulating effort and regulating spatial access. Within each of these approaches, we describe common restrictions, how they alter incentives to change fishing behaviour, and the resultant ecological, economic and community‐level outcomes. For each approach, we present prominent case‐studies that illustrate behaviour and the corresponding performance. These case‐studies show that sustaining target stocks requires a hard limit on fishing mortality under most conditions, but that additional measures are required to generate economic benefits. Different systems for allocation allow stakeholder communities to strike a locally acceptable balance between profitability and employment.  相似文献   

Use of salmon by‐product meals as a replacement for anchovy meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)     

Jingping Guo  Anneleen Swanepoel  Xuan Qiu  Joo Reis  Melanie Rhodes  D. Allen Davis 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2020,26(2):490-501

A series of trials were conducted with Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, to evaluate the efficiency of two salmon meals as compared to anchovy meal. The basal diet contained 200 g/kg anchovy meal, which was systematically replaced (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) with salmon meal on an isonitrogenous basis. Another two diets were formulated with a hydrolysed salmon meal to replace 50% and 100% anchovy meal. Each diet was randomly fed to four replicate groups of 25 and 30 shrimp per tank in clear (indoor) and green (outdoor) water trials, respectively. The results showed that growth performance and feed conversion ratio were not statistically different when salmon meal replaced anchovy meal in both trials. However, when hydrolysed salmon meal was used to replace 100% of the anchovy meal, growth performance of the shrimp significantly decreased. The four kinds of fish meal (anchovy, salmon by‐product meals and menhaden) were evaluated in an ingredient digestibility trial using the 70:30 replacement technique. In general, dry matter, energy, protein and individual amino acids digestibility of salmon meal were significantly higher than those of menhaden and anchovy meal. Results of this study demonstrated that salmon meals are a good protein sources which can replace anchovy meal.  相似文献   

Host plant influences establishment and performance of Amblydromalus limonicus,a predator for Bactericera cockerelli     

Aliesha M Kean  Mette‐Cecilie Nielsen  Melanie M Davidson  Ruth C Butler  Jessica Vereijssen 《Pest management science》2019,75(3):787-792

  相似文献   

Cross-scale effects of land use on the functional composition of herbivorous insect communities     

Neff  Felix  Blüthgen  Nico  Chisté  Melanie N.  Simons  Nadja K.  Steckel  Juliane  Weisser  Wolfgang W.  Westphal  Catrin  Pellissier  Loïc  Gossner  Martin M. 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(8):2001-2015

Landscape Ecology - Insect herbivores comprise the majority of macroinvertebrate communities of temperate grasslands and act as drivers for important ecosystem functions. Landscape- and local-level...  相似文献   

Preliminary investigation into the killing effect of kingfish (Seriola lalandi) serum and mucus against the monogenean parasites Benedenia seriolae and Zeuxapta seriolae     

Melanie J. Leef  Peter S. Lee 《Aquaculture International》2009,17(6):607-614

The survival of two economically important monogenean parasites, Benedenia seriolae and Zeuxapta seriolae, exposed to either naïve or infected yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi serum and mucus was observed over an 8-h period. Infection status of the host had no effect on survival of monogeneans in either serum or mucus therefore data were grouped according to each parasite. Serum exposure at the highest concentration of 1:5 did not have any effect on Z. seriolae, however, 50% killing activity against B. seriolae was observed within 3 h at concentrations greater than 1:100. This killing activity was completely abolished following heat treatment and inactivation of the serum. Prior incubation of parasites with heat-treated serum for 2 h in order to potentially coat the parasites with antibodies did not enhance the activity of fresh serum against either species. Addition of 5 mM EDTA, but not 5 mM EGTA-Mg, inhibited the killing ability of fresh serum against B. seriolae, suggesting that previously observed activity against this parasite was most likely mediated via the alternative complement pathway. Cutaneous mucus was not found to have any effect on B. seriolae or Z. seriolae survival. Overall these results suggest that the blood-feeding gill parasite Z. seriolae is considerably more resistant to host immune responses compared with skin- and mucus-dwelling B. seriolae.  相似文献