Further investigations on protein requirement of genetically lean and fat chickens     

B Leclercq  G Guy 《British poultry science》1991,32(4):789-798

1. Genetically lean (LL) or fat (FL) chickens were fed from 28 to 42 d of age on one of 6 diets with different protein contents (from 73 to 208 g/kg). In order to keep a constant amino acid balance the experimental diets were made by diluting a well-balanced protein-rich diet with a protein-free diet. 2. Dietary protein influenced the growth rate of both genotypes similarly. However, maximum weight gain was reached in LL at a lower protein intake than in FL. 3. Regression between total protein gain (body protein + feather protein) or body protein gain and protein intake exhibited significantly different slopes, that of LL being superior to that of FL. 4. At a given protein intake, feather protein gain was also superior in LL to FL. Moreover feather protein, as a percentage of total protein gain, was superior in LL to FL. When the dietary protein fell below 126 g/kg, feather protein represented a higher proportion of total protein gain. 5. Multiple linear regressions of protein intake (as the dependent variable), and body weight and protein gain or weight gain (as the independent variables) suggest that the maintenance requirement for protein is similar in both lines but that the protein efficiency for growth is significantly superior in LL. 6. In a second experiment both genotypes were offered either a single high protein diet (232 g/kg) or a single medium protein diet (186 g/kg) or had free-choice between a high (269 g/kg) and a low protein (145 g/kg) diet. In free-choice feeding, FL chickens selected an overall dietary protein content which was significantly lower (179 v. 200 g/kg) to that of LL. In both genotypes, free-choice feeding led to fatter and less efficient chickens than predicted by the linear regression between adiposity or food conversion and protein content.  相似文献   

Effects of Superior Check Desmotomy on Flexor Tendon and Suspensory Ligament Strain in Equine Cadaver Limbs     

Guy R. Alexander  BVSc  Cert VR    Katherine T. Gibson  BVSc  MS  Diplomate ACVS    Robert E. Day  MBiomedEng  BEng  CPEng    Ian D. Robertson  BVSc  PhD  MACVSc 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2001,30(6):522-527

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) muscle (superior check desmotomy) on flexor tendon and suspensory ligament (SL) strain in vitro. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro experimental biomechanical investigation. ANIMALS USED: Ten equine cadaver forelimbs. METHODS: The effects of superior check desmotomy were determined using equine cadaver forelimbs secured in a servocontrolled hydraulic testing machine. Strain sensors were used to measure strain on the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and SL, and a goniometer was used to measure joint angles when the limb was loaded at 890 N and 3,115 N before desmotomy, and at 3,115 N after desmotomy. RESULTS: Superior check desmotomy was associated with significantly increased strains on the SDF tendon and SL, and significant alterations in the angles of the metacarpophalangeal and carpal joints. CONCLUSIONS: The superior check ligament has an important role in maintaining joint angles and load distribution in the forelimb. Lengthening of the SDF musculotendinous unit after superior check desmotomy may be associated with increased strain on the SL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transection of the accessory ligament of the SDF muscle may predispose horses to SL desmitis postoperatively.  相似文献   

Diagnosis of canine viral infections     

J S Guy 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1986,16(6):1145-1156

The diagnosis of canine viral infections frequently requires the correlation of clinical, hematologic, pathologic, and laboratory findings. When laboratory diagnostics are utilized, appropriate specimens must be collected. In addition, correct timing of specimen collection and the proper handling and transport of these specimens are essential. Whenever possible, the practitioner should not rely on any one laboratory procedure for making a diagnosis; rather, a combination of techniques should be used. Submission of tissue for histopathology, virus isolation, and antigen detection techniques (FAT), serum for serologic analysis, and feces whenever enteric infections are investigated will maximize the chances of making a successful diagnosis.  相似文献   

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss     

Amrakh I. Mamedov  Benayahu Bar‐Yosef  Irit Levkovich  Rivka Rosenberg  Avner Silber  Pinchas Fine  Guy J. Levy 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(6):1629-1639

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Soluble sugars and carboxylic acids in ripe apricot fruit as parameters for distinguishing different cultivars     

Fabrizio Gurrieri  Jean-Marc Audergon  Guy Albagnac  Maryse Reich 《Euphytica》2001,117(3):183-189

Major sugar and carboxylic acid components in apricot flesh fruits were detected and quantified. Fifty-one genotypes including clones growing in France, Spain, Italy, Greece and USA, belonging to the INRA germ plasm collection has been evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been performed to study correlation among fruit quality measurements and to interpret relationships between genotypes as a tool for germ plasm characterization. A marked variation in malic and citric acid content has been observed and PCA revealed clusters of apricot genotypes for the malic/citric ratio content. A good correlation between sugar component and refractometer index (r = 0.83) has been detected. The wide range of diversity in malic and citric acid content in apricot germ plasm makes it possible to breed and select genotypes with improved flavour on the basis of superior phenotypes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Cannabinoids for the pharmaceutical industry     

Colin G. Stott  Geoffrey W. Guy 《Euphytica》2004,140(1-2):83-93

Summary Cannabis sativa, is a rich source of a variety of compounds, including cannabinoids, terpenoids and flavonoids. Their content depends upon the plant genetics, growth conditions, time of harvest and drying conditions. To date, more than 60 different cannabinoids have been identified in the plant. Cannabis has been used medicinally for 4000 years and remained in the British pharmacopaeia until 1932, and in the British Pharmaceutical Codex until 1949. Medical use has been prohibited in the UK since 1973. The principal cannabinoid, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was first isolated in 1964; the first cannabinoid pharmaceutical product Marinol® (a synthetic THC product) was approved in the USA in 1985. The discovery of specific cannabinoid receptors in the early 1990s and subsequent identification of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachadonoylglycerol, led to a resurgence of interest in the field of cannabinoid medicine, especially within the pharmaceutical industry. Cannabidiol (CBD), as a non-psychoactive, cannabinoid is currently a cannabinoid of significant interest, showing a wide range of pharmacological activity. The other classes of compounds present in cannabis also have their own pharmacology (e.g. terpenoids, flavonoids). The potential for interaction and synergy between compounds within the plant, may play a role in the therapeutic potential of cannabis. This may explain why a cannabis-based medicine using extracts containing multiple cannabinoids, in defined ratios, and other non-cannabinoid fractions, may provide better therapeutic success and be better tolerated than the single synthetic cannabinoid medicines currently available. The development and employment of one of these medicines, Sativex®, is described.  相似文献   

Genetic mapping of resistance to Rhynchosporium commune and characterisation of early infection in a winter barley mapping population     

M. E. Looseley  R. Keith  D. Guy  G. Barral-Baron  A. Thirugnanasambandam  D. Harrap  P. Werner  A. C. Newton 《Euphytica》2015,203(2):337-347

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Molecular characerization of the interaction between the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and tomato     

Guy Honée  Guido F. J. M. Van den Ackerveken  Henk W. J. Van den Broek  Ton J. Cozijnsen  Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten  Mirian Kooman-Gersmann  Jacques Vervoort  Ralph Vogelsang  Paul Vossen  Jos P. Wubben  Pierre J. G. M. De Wit 《Euphytica》1994,79(3):219-225

The fungus Cladosprium fulvum is a biotrophic leaf pathogen of tomato. The fungus develops in the intercellular space without forming specialized feeding structures and does not affect the leaf tissue. The outcome of the C. fulvum-tomato interaction can be described by the gene-for-gene model. Failure of infection is expressed by a hypersensitive response. Two fungal proteins, ECP1 and ECP2, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. In a compatible interaction including many physiological races ECP1 and ECP2 are highly produced and a role in pathogenicity is suggestive. The ecp1 gene shows some homology with tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) while the ecp2 gene shows no homology with sequences known in data bases. However, disruption of one of the two genes showed no reduced pathogenicity of the fungus. Two race-specific elicitors, AVR4 and AVR9, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. The avirulence genes Avr4 and Avr9 are only present in C. fulvum avirulent on Cf-4 and Cf-9 cultivars, respectively. The expression of these two genes is, like the expression of the ecp genes, highly induced when the fungus grows in planta. Disruption of the Avr9 gene in wild type avirulent races leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the complementary resistance gene Cf-9. A single base-pair change in the avirulence gene Avr4 leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the Cf-4 resistance gene. Isolation, characterization and possible function of ECP1, ECP2, AVR4, and AVR9 will be discussed.  相似文献   

Models for tetracycline in aquatic environments     

B. B. Sithole  R. D. Guy 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,32(3-4):303-314

The interactions of tetracycline with model clay adsorbents has been studied as a function of suspension pH, ionic strength, and adsorbate concentration. The model clay adsorbents were the Na, Ca, and dodecyltrimethylammonium forms of bentonite and a tannic acid covered bentonite. The adsorption isotherms were of the Langmuir type and the adsorption capacity decreases in the order tannic acid-clay > Ca-clay > Na-clay > dodecyltrimethylammonium-clay. The adsorption onto the clay substrates decreases as the ionic strength and pH increases.  相似文献   

Comparison of mass spectrometry-based electronic nose and solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique to assess infant formula oxidation     

Fenaille F  Visani P  Fumeaux R  Milo C  Guy PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(9):2790-2796

Two headspace techniques based on mass spectrometry detection (MS), electronic nose, and solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) were evaluated for their ability to differentiate various infant formula powders based on changes of their volatiles upon storage. The electronic nose gave unresolved MS fingerprints of the samples gas phases that were further submitted to principal component analysis (PCA). Such direct MS recording combined to multivariate treatment enabled a rapid differentiation of the infant formulas over a 4 week storage test. Although MS-based electronic nose advantages are its easy-to-use aspect and its meaningful data interpretation obtained with a high throughput (100 samples per 24 h), its greatest disadvantage is that the present compounds could not be identified and quantified. For these reasons, a SPME-GC/MS measurement was also investigated. This technique allowed the identification of saturated aldehydes as the main volatiles present in the headspace of infant milk powders. An isotope dilution assay was further developed to quantitate hexanal as a potential indicator of infant milk powder oxidation. Thus, hexanal content was found to vary from roughly 500 and 3500 microg/kg for relatively non-oxidized and oxidized infant formulas, respectively.  相似文献