Zum Auftreten und zur Bekämpfung von Erdbeerschädlingen in Norddeutschland     

Heinrich W. K. Müller 《Journal of pest science》1960,33(7):99-101

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund seiner ausgezeichneten Tiefenwirkung und einer noch ausreichenden Dauerwirkung hat sich der Oleo-Phosphorsäureester in Versuchen gegen die Erdbeermilbe und in einem praktischen Einsaß gegen einen Erdbeerwickler als brauchbares Akarizid bzw. Insektizid erwiesen. Er wird daher auf Grund der weiteren guten Erfahrungen mit dieser Wirkstoffzubereitung im Kern- und Steinobstbau auch gegen andere wichtige Erdbeerschädlinge, insbesondere gegen Rote Spinne und Erdbeerblattlaus als wichtigen Virusüberträger, empfohlen. Der Oleo-Phosphorsäureester wird zu einer Art Universalmittel, wenn durch ihn auch noch Erdbeerstengel- und-blütenstecher erfaßt werden, vielleicht sogar auch parasitische Nematoden (Stengel- und Blattä lchen). Gegen freilebende (ektoparasitische) Nematoden werden vorerst weiterhin nur die Spezialmittel zur Bodenentseuchung in Betracht kommen.Eine einmalige Sprißung, etwa zehn Tage vor der Erdbeerblüte, mit Folidol-Öl 0,5%, 10001 je ha, und eine weitere Sprißung bald nach der Ernte mit 2000 I je ha werden daher im allgemeinen als ausreichend für die Bekämpfung tierischer Schädlinge im Erdbeeranbau betrachtet. Nur gegen die Blatt- und Stengelälchen wird noch eine zusäßliche Behandlung bei Blattaustrieb im Frühjahr notwendig sein.Hygienische Bedenken bestehen zunächst bei dem Einsaß des Oleo-Phosphorsäureesters vor der Erdbeerblüte nicht; in umfangreichen Testen konnte keine merkliche Geschmacksbeeinflussung durch den Wirkstoff festgestellt werden. Auch die Karenzzeit (etwa 14 Tage) dürfte bei rechtzeitigem Einsaß vor der Blüte mit mindestens 6 Wochen bis zur Ernte reichlich bemessen sein. Nachbarkulturen, die früh geerntet werden, z. B. Frühgemüse, dürfen vom Sprißstrahl oder von Abtrift selbstverständlich nicht betroffen werden.Thiodan wird als Mittel gegen die Erdbeermilbe und andere Erdbeerschädlinge kaum in Betracht kommen, da es bei einer Vorblütenspritzung eine schon merkliche Geschmacksbeeinflussung der Erdbeerfrüchte hinterlä ßt.  相似文献   

Use of serology and real time PCR to control an outbreak of bovine brucellosis at a dairy cattle farm in the Nile Delta region,Egypt     

Mayada Gwida  Maged El-Ashker  Falk Melzer  Mohamed El-Diasty  Mohamed El-Beskawy  Heinrich Neubauer 《Irish veterinary journal》2015,69(1):3

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Risk Factors for the Development of Hypokalemia in Neonatal Diarrheic Calves          下载免费PDF全文

F.M. Trefz  A. Lorch  J. Zitzl  A. Kutschke  G. Knubben‐Schweizer  I. Lorenz 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):688-695

Background

Neonatal diarrheic calves have a clear negative potassium balance because of intestinal losses and decreased milk intake but in the presence of acidemia, they usually show normokalemic or hyperkalemic plasma concentrations.

Objectives

To assess whether marked hypokalemia occurs in response to the correction of acidemia and dehydration and to identify factors that are associated with this condition.

Animals

Eighty‐three calves with a clinical diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, 0.9% saline and 40% dextrose infusion solutions.

Results

The proportion of hypokalemic calves after 24 hours of treatment (19.3%) was twice as great as it was on admission to the hospital. Plasma K⁺ after 24 hours of treatment was not significantly correlated to venous blood pH values at the same time but positively correlated to venous blood pH values on admission (r = 0.51, P < .001). Base excess on admission (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70–0.94), duration of diarrhea (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.05–1.80), milk intake during hospitalization (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.37–0.79) and plasma sodium concentrations after 24 hours (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01–1.25) were identified to be independently associated (P < .05) with a hypokalemic state after 24 hours of treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Findings of this study suggest that marked depletion of body potassium stores is evident in diarrheic calves that suffered from marked metabolic acidosis, have a low milk intake and a long history of diarrhea.  相似文献   

Bovine viral diarrhoea: A playground for virologists and a target for eradication     

Ernst Peterhans  Matthias Schweizer 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2014,199(2):195-196

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Der Bulk-Stomata-Widerstand von Ackerbohnen und seine Abhängigkeit vom Bodenwassergehalt     

Achim Hennig  Heinrich Zakosek 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1995,158(2):165-167

Bulk stomatal resistance of Vicia faba and its dependence on soil water content Bulk stomatal resistance of beans (Vicia faba L.,) as a function of soil water content was estimated for 41 days by comparison of potential transpiration, determined from meteorological data, and actual transpiration, determined from soil water losses. The resistance of beans is about 46 s/m if soil water content is above 70 % of available field capacity and increases strongly in dryer situations. This behaviour can be described by an exponential function.  相似文献   

Diurnal Macronutrients Uptake Patterns by Lettuce Roots under Various Light and Temperature Levels     

Francisco Albornoz  J. Heinrich Lieth 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(13):2028-2043

In order to reduce nutrient wastes to the environment the supply should be in accordance to the demand for these. Two experiments were conducted to study and quantify the effect of temperature, irradiance, and plant age on the uptake of nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄^?), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and sulfate (SO₄²). In the first experiment, various levels of temperature and irradiance were applied to plants in a growth chamber, while in the second experiment the uptake was studied along the crop season under greenhouse conditions. The uptake rates were calculated at 2-hour intervals through sampling the nutrient solution and analyzing it by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Increasing light and temperature enhance the uptake rates, while the rates decrease with plant age. Nitrogen absorption was similar during the day as during the night. No differences were found in the absorption of H₂PO₄^?, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄^2? between day and night. Nitrate absorption was found to have a positive correlation with the absorption of all the ions except for NH₄⁺.  相似文献   

Bioassay-directed Fractionation of Organic Extracts of Marine Surface Sediments from the North and Baltic Sea - Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index (8 pp)     

Ulrike Kammann  Scarlett Biselli  Ninja Reineke  Werner Wosniok  Dirk Danischewski  Heinrich Hühnerfuss  Angelika Kinder  Arne Sierts-Herrmann  Norbert Theobald  Hans-Heinrich Vahl  Michael Vobach  Johannes Westendorf  Hans Steinhart 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2005,5(4):225-232

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Part I: Determination and identification of organic pollutants Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index

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Preamble. This series of two papers presents the results of an interdisciplinary research project (ISIS) dealing with bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. Part I presents the extraction and fractionation procedure as well as the results of chemical analysis, including non-target analysis of sediments. Part II describes the results of the biotest battery in relation to chemicals possibly causing parts of the observed effects. A biotest index is used to compare the toxicities of the samples.

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AUTHORS / AFFILIATIONS Ninja Reineke (3), Werner Wosniok (4), Dirk Danischewski (1), Heinrich Hühnerfuss (3), Angelika Kinder (5), Arne Sierts-Herrmann (5), Norbert Theobald (2), Hans-Heinrich Vahl (6), Michael Vobach (1), Johannes Westendorf (6) and Hans Steinhart (5).

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(1) Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Institute for Fishery Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany (2) Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nochtstr. 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (3) University of Hamburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (4) University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28334 Bremen, Germany (5) University of Hamburg, Institute for Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (6) University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department for Toxicology, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany (7) Eurofins Wiertz-Eggert-Jörissen, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, Germany

Goal, Scope and Background

The ecological relevance of contaminants in mixtures is difficult to assess, because of possible interactions and due to lacking toxicity data for many substances present in environmental samples. Marine sediment extracts, which contain a mixture of environmental contaminants in low concentrations, were the object of this study. The extracts were investigated with a set of different biotests in order to identify the compound or the substance class responsible for the toxicity. For this goal, a combination of biotests, biotest-directed fractionation and chemical analysis has been applied. Further on, a strategy for the development of a biotest index to describe the toxicity of the fractions without a prior ranking of the test results is proposed. This article (Part II) focuses on the biological results of the approach.

Methods

The toxicological potential of organic extracts of sediments from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was analyzed in a bioassay-directed fractionation procedure with a set of biotests: luciferase reporter gene assays on hormone receptor and Ah receptor, arabinose resistance test, fish embryo test (Danio rerio), comet assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, heat-shock protein 70 induction, oxidative stress and luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri). The test results provided the basis for the calculation of a biotest index by factor analysis to compare the toxicity of the samples and fractions.

Results and Discussion

Results of 11 biotests on different fractionation levels of the samples were described and discussed with regard to the occurrence of contaminants and their toxic potentials. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, brominated indoles and brominated phenols were in the focus of interest. A biotest index was constructed to compare the toxic responses in the samples and to group the biotest results.

Conclusion

The procedure presented in this study is well suited for bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. However, in relatively low contaminated samples, high enrichment factors and sufficient fractionation is necessary to allow identification of low concentrations of contaminants which is required to link effects and possible causes. In the present case, the relation between substances and effects was difficult to uncover due to relatively low concentrations of pollutants compared to the biogenic matrix and to the remaining complexity of the fractions. The results, with respect to the brominated phenols and indoles in the samples, highlight the successful use of bioassay directed fractionation in the case of high concentrations and high toxicity.

Recommendation and Outlook

In general, it has been shown that a marine risk assessment requires focusing on the input of diffuse sources and taking into account the fact of mixture toxicity. Effects resulting from biogenic substances will make the assessment of the influence of anthropogenic substances even more difficult.  相似文献   

Release of nonexchangeable NH4-N after planting of ryegrass in relation to soil content and as affected by nitrate supply     

Heinrich W. Scherer  Stefan Weimar 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1993,156(2):143-148

The uptake of N by ryegrass grown in pot culture on a range of soils differing widely in content of nonexchangeable NH₄-N (topsoils: 117 to 354 mg kg^?1 soil; subsoils: 117 to 270 mg kg^?1 soil) was measured to indicate whether the amounts of NH₄-N released from clay minerals were correlated with soil NH₄-N. After two cuts soil analysis revealed that the amounts of mobilized nonexchangeable NH₄-N were between 3.5 and 25.2 mg kg^?1 from topsoils and between 0 and 8.2 mg kg^?1 from subsoils. There was no correlation between soil nonexchangeable NH₄-N content and release. The NH₄-N extracted with 1 N HCl and the actual N uptake of the plants correlated highly significant. Assuming that the whole of the NH₄-N released was taken up by ryegrass, NH₄-N accounted for 11.2 to 75.0% of total N uptake from topsoils and 0 to 37.3% from subsoils. The release of nonexchangeable NH₄-N was increased by the application of nitrate.  相似文献   

Dear Referees     

Ulrich Förstner  Wim Salomons  Zhihong Xu  Almut Beate Heinrich 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2007,7(6):432-432

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Protein content of seed: increase improves growth and yield     

Schweizer CJ  Ries SK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,165(3888):73-75

Oat seeds with a higher protein content as a result of chemical applications in 1967 yielded 21 to 42 percent more grain in 1968. Wheat seed, whether from Michigan, Illinois, or Mexico, that contained more protein as a result of field applications of chemicals or nitrogen developed into larger seedlings. The content of protein in the seed correlated with subsequent growth and yield, indicating that the amount of endogenous protein or of a proteinaceous moiety, which can be controlled, may be an important factor in subsequent yield of major agronomic crops.  相似文献