Distribution of volatile compounds in the pulp,cloud, and serum of freshly squeezed orange juice     

Brat P  Rega B  Alter P  Reynes M  Brillouet JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(11):3442-3447

The quantitative distribution of volatile compounds in the pulp, cloud, and serum of a freshly squeezed orange juice (cv. Naveline) was measured. Juice monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were primarily recovered from the pulp (74.0 and 87.2%, respectively) and cloud (7.3 and 14.9%, respectively). Esters and monoterpene alcohols were mainly found in the serum (90.4 and 84.1%, respectively). Long chain aliphatic aldehydes tend to concentrate in the pulp. The relative proportions of individual volatile compounds were similar in the pulp and cloud. Pulp and cloud alcohol insoluble residues exhibited similar compositions; half of them are made of nonwall proteins, and the rest are made of cell wall materials. Pulp and cloud total and neutral lipids had similar fatty acids distributions, although the cloud was much richer in total lipids than the pulp. No relationship was found between the retention of aroma compounds in the pulp or cloud and their AIR and lipid content or composition.  相似文献   

Preface     

Jean-Marc Thibaud  Louis Deharveng  Cyrille D&#x;Haese  Jean-Marie Betsch 《Pedobiologia》2006,50(2):201-82

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Evaluation and comparison of size–density relationships for pure even-aged stands of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), beech (Fagus silvatica L.), oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.), and sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.)     

No?l Le Goff  Jean-Marc Ottorini  Fran?ois Ningre 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(3):461-475

• Introduction   

Size-density relationships define the maximum number of stems that even-aged stands of a given species can hold in relation to the mean size of trees. They are used to derive stand density measures and are useful tools used to control tree mortality.  相似文献   

Landscape composition influences roe deer habitat selection at both home range and landscape scales     

Nicolas Morellet  Bram Van Moorter  Bruno Cargnelutti  Jean-Marc Angibault  Bruno Lourtet  Joël Merlet  Sylvie Ladet  A. J. Mark Hewison 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(7):999-1010

Understanding how patterns of habitat selection vary in relation to landscape structure is essential to predict ecological responses of species to global change and inform management. We investigated behavioural plasticity in habitat selection of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in relation to variable habitat availability across a heterogeneous agricultural landscape at the home range and landscape scales. As expected, woodland was heavily selected, but we found no functional response for this habitat, i.e. no shift in habitat selection with changing habitat availability, possibly due to the presence of hedgerows which were increasingly selected as woodlands were less abundant. Hedgerows may thus function as a substitutable habitat for woodlands by providing roe deer with similar resources. We observed a functional response in the use of hedgerows, implying some degree of landscape complementation between hedgerows and open habitats, which may in part compensate for lower woodland availability. We also expected selection for woodland to be highest at the wider spatial scale, especially when this habitat was limiting. However, our results did not support this hypothesis, but rather indicated a marked influence of habitat composition, as both the availability and distribution of resources conditioned habitat selection. There was no marked between-sex difference in the pattern of habitat selection at either scale or between seasons at the landscape scale, however, within the home range, selection did differ between seasons. We conclude that landscape structure has a marked impact on roe deer habitat selection in agricultural landscapes through processes such as landscape complementation and supplementation.  相似文献   

Purification and characterization of vanilla bean (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) beta-D-glucosidase     

Odoux E  Chauwin A  Brillouet JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(10):3168-3173

Vanilla bean beta-D-glucosidase was purified to apparent homogeneity by successive anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and size-exclusion chromatography. The enzyme is a tetramer (201 kDa) made up of four identical subunits (50 kDa). The optimum pH was 6.5, and the optimum temperature was 40 degrees C at pH 7.0. K(m) values for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and glucovanillin were 1.1 and 20.0 mM, respectively; V(max) values were 4.5 and 5.0 microkat.mg(-1). The beta-D-glucosidase was competitively inhibited by glucono-delta-lactone and 1-deoxynojirimycin, with respective K(i) values of 670 and 152 microM, and not inhibited by 2 M glucose. The beta-D-glucosidase was not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and DTNB and fully inhibited by 1.5-2 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 1,4-dithiothreitol. The enzyme showed decreasing activity on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside. The enzyme was also active on prunasin, esculin, and salicin and inactive on cellobiose, gentiobiose, amygdalin, phloridzin, indoxyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and quercetin-3-beta-D-glucopyranoside.  相似文献   

Fatty acid and tocopherol patterns of variation within the natural range of the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa)     

François Allal  Georges Piombo  Bokary A. Kelly  John B. L. Okullo  Massamba Thiam  Ousmane B. Diallo  George Nyarko  Fabrice Davrieux  Peter N. Lovett  Jean-Marc Bouvet 《Agroforestry Systems》2013,87(5):1065-1082

The shea tree, Vitellaria paradoxa, is one of the most economically and culturally important indigenous tree species in the Sudano-Sahelian region. Its seeds contain a vegetable fat, internationally known as shea butter, which is widely used in edible, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. Based on samples from 456 trees distributed in 17 locations across the species natural range from Senegal to Uganda, the fatty acid and tocopherol variation, and its relationship with geographic and climatic variables, was assessed in order to address the pattern and the origin of this variation across the natural range. Significant differences between Western and Eastern regions for oleic, stearic acid, saturated–unsaturated acid ratio and γ-tocopherol were identified that it is postulated maybe a result of genetic drift due to the evolutionary history of shea tree populations. Within regions the difference among stands was significant for most constituents; however the major part of the variation was observed among trees within stand (53–90 %). Relationships with climatic variables were not verified, weakening evidence for clinal variation hypotheses suggested by previous studies.  相似文献   

A potential biomarker of androgen exposure in European bullhead (Cottus sp.) kidney     

Mélanie Villeret  Sabrina Jolly  Laure Wiest  Emmanuelle Vulliet  Anne Bado-Nilles  Jean-Marc Porcher  Stéphane Betoulle  Christophe Minier  Wilfried Sanchez 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2013,39(3):573-580

The aim of this study was to identify a signal that could be used as an androgen exposure indicator in the European bullhead (Cottus sp.). For this purpose, the ultra-structure of the kidney was characterized to identify normal structure of this organ, and histological changes previously described in the kidney of breeding male bullheads were quantified using the kidney epithelium height (KEH) assay previously developed and validated for the stickleback. In the next step, the effect of trenbolone acetate (TbA), a model androgen, was assessed to identify potential androgenic regulation of bullhead kidney hypertrophy. Measurement of KEH performed on adult non-breeding male and female bullheads exposed for 14 and 21 days to 0, 1.26 and 6.50 μg/L showed that kidney hypertrophy is induced in a dose-dependent manner, confirming the hypothesis that the European bullhead possesses a potential biomarker of androgen exposure. Combined with the wide distribution of the European bullhead in European countries and the potential of this fish species for environmental toxicology studies in field and laboratory conditions, the hypothesis of a potential biomarker of androgen exposure offers interesting perspectives for the use of the bullhead as a relevant sentinel fish species in monitoring studies. Inducibility was observed with high exposure concentrations of TbA. Further studies are needed to identify molecular signals that could be more sensitive than KEH.  相似文献   

Immunological detection of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum,a fungal pathogen found in esca disease     

Pierrette Fleurat-Lessard  Estelle Luini  Jean-Marc Berjeaud  Gabriel Roblin 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,139(1):137-150

Phaeoacremonium aleophilum is a fungal pathogen implicated in esca, a devastating disease affecting grapevines around the world. We have previously reported that the fungus secreted in its culture medium a variety of polypeptides, which allowed us to develop a serological method of detection. In this method, rabbit antibodies raised against the polypeptide fraction recognized secreted fungal proteins with high sensitivity (commonly 1 ng). These antibodies were specific since they cross-reacted with polypeptides secreted by various strains of Pm. aleophilum, but not with the proteins secreted by many other fungal pathogens implicated in other grapevine infections. Importantly, as shown by ELISA tests and immunolocalization, they did not cross-react with the secreted polypeptides of Eutypa lata (agent of Eutypa dieback), Neofusicoccum parvum (found in Black Dead Arm), and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (also found in the fungal complex inducing esca). This serological approach permitted the development of a reliable dot-blot method to detect the presence in woody members of Pm. aleophilum in selectively infected trunk and canes. This method of diagnosis is rapid, easy to perform and non destructive for grapevines. Advantages and drawbacks of the method are discussed.  相似文献   

Trends in additive,dominance and environmental effects with age for growth traits in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> hybrid populations     

Jean-Marc Bouvet  A. Saya  Ph. Vigneron 《Euphytica》2009,165(1):35-54

Expression of additive and dominance effects during development of forest trees species is poorly documented. A set of 10 subpopulations, generated from factorial mating amongst subsets of 88 females and 107 males representing 684 families and 37,206 individual trees, was used to estimate variance components between 4 and 65 months in a Eucalyptus urophylla * grandis breeding population. The variance components were significantly different from zero for female, male and female-by-male interaction effects for height and circumference. The results, from the set of experiments, stressed the huge dispersion of variance component estimates among subpopulations. The trends were modelled using linear and nonlinear models. The trends in additive, dominance and environmental variances with age showed three phases corresponding to the stage of competition during stand development. No significant trend was observed for the coefficients of variation of these three effects. The dominance to additive variance ratio did not show specific age-related trends and was close to 1.2 during the growth period. The additive, dominance and environmental correlations between height and circumference were higher than 0.8 after 24 months. A similar age-related trend was observed for the additive and dominance effects. These results emphasise the significant role of dominance in the genetic control of growth traits. They differ from the majority of studies of pines, where additive variance is preponderant, but are similar to those of other eucalyptus studies. In the context of Congolese breeding strategy, this can be explained by the phenotypic selection of parents constituting the breeding population and/or the expression of overdominance in eucalyptus hybrid populations planted in marginal zones.  相似文献   

Plasticity of animal genome architecture unmasked by rapid evolution of a pelagic tunicate     

Denoeud F  Henriet S  Mungpakdee S  Aury JM  Da Silva C  Brinkmann H  Mikhaleva J  Olsen LC  Jubin C  Cañestro C  Bouquet JM  Danks G  Poulain J  Campsteijn C  Adamski M  Cross I  Yadetie F  Muffato M  Louis A  Butcher S  Tsagkogeorga G  Konrad A  Singh S  Jensen MF  Cong EH  Eikeseth-Otteraa H  Noel B  Anthouard V  Porcel BM  Kachouri-Lafond R  Nishino A  Ugolini M  Chourrout P  Nishida H  Aasland R  Huzurbazar S  Westhof E  Delsuc F  Lehrach H  Reinhardt R  Weissenbach J  Roy SW  Artiguenave F  Postlethwait JH  Manak JR  Thompson EM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6009):1381-1385

Genomes of animals as different as sponges and humans show conservation of global architecture. Here we show that multiple genomic features including transposon diversity, developmental gene repertoire, physical gene order, and intron-exon organization are shattered in the tunicate Oikopleura, belonging to the sister group of vertebrates and retaining chordate morphology. Ancestral architecture of animal genomes can be deeply modified and may therefore be largely nonadaptive. This rapidly evolving animal lineage thus offers unique perspectives on the level of genome plasticity. It also illuminates issues as fundamental as the mechanisms of intron gain.  相似文献