Transfer of Biological Soil Suppressiveness Against Heterodera schachtii     

Westphal A  Becker JO 《Phytopathology》2000,90(4):401-406

ABSTRACT Heterodera schachtii-suppressive soil at a rate of either 1 or 10% (dry wt/wt) transferred suppressiveness against the beet cyst nematode to fumigated field plots when mixed into the upper 10-cm soil layer. Soil suppressiveness was established after 1 month of moist fallow and 77 days of Swiss chard cropping in the 10% transfer treatment and after 230 days in the 1% transfer treatment. The number of infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. schachtii, monitored initially at 150 degree-day intervals and later at 300 degree-day intervals, indicated the status of suppressiveness in the different treatments during the cropping period. In a greenhouse experiment, amending fumigated field soil with 0.1, 1.0, or 10% suppressive soil, suppressed multiplication of H. schachtii when soils were infested with an additional 5,000 J2. In a second greenhouse experiment, a fumigated sandy loam amended with 10 or 25% suppressive soil and a fumigated loam amended with 25% suppressive soil had significantly fewer eggs per cyst than the nonamended fumigated treatments when 1,000 J2 were added.  相似文献   

A recent growth increase of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at its Mediterranean distribution limit contradicts drought stress     

Willy Tegel  Andrea Seim  Dietrich Hakelberg  Stephan Hoffmann  Metodi Panev  Thorsten Westphal  Ulf Büntgen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(1):61-71

Future changes in tree growth, associated with a warmer and drier climate, are predicted for many species and locations across the European Mediterranean Basin. However, quantification of the intensity and severity of related consequences for forest ecosystem functioning and productivity remains challenging. Species-specific distribution limits that are particularly sensitive to small changes in the ambient climate may provide an ideal test bed to assess the nature of past growth trends and extremes and their responsible controls. Here, we seek to understand how twentieth century climate change affected the growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) nearby its south-eastern distribution limit in Albania and Macedonia on the Balkan Peninsula. We sampled 93 living trees from undisturbed mixed forest stands at ~1,450 m a.s.l. and 29 timbers from nearby historical buildings. Application of different tree-ring detrending techniques allowed robust composite chronologies with varying degrees of high- to low-frequency variability to be developed back to 1648 ad. Comparison with local meteorological station measurements and continental grid-box climate indices revealed spatiotemporal instability in growth–climate response patterns. Nevertheless, year-to-year and decadal-long fluctuations in radial beech growth were significantly (P < 0.001) negatively correlated at ?0.61 with June–September temperature over the 1951–1995 period. This (inverse) relationship between increased beech growth and decreased summer temperature is somewhat indicative for the importance of plant-available soil moisture, which likely controls ring width formation near the species-specific south-eastern distribution limit. Significant positive correlations between beech growth and drought (scPDSI; r = 0.57) confirm metabolistic drought constraints. However, an unexpected late twentieth century growth increase not only contradicts the previously observed growth dependency to summer soil moisture, but also denies any putative drought-induced forest ecosystem suppression in this part of the Mediterranean Basin.  相似文献   

Coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral ovariosalpingectomy in a d`Orbigny slider (Trachemys dorbigni) using a digital otoscope     

Bernardo Nascimento ANTUNES  Diego DA COSTA  Michelli Westphal DE ATAIDE  Allana Valau MOREIRA  Luis Fernando PEDROTTI  Francisco Schulz JÚNIOR  Cassiano Schmitz NHOATO  Renan Alves STADLER  Marco Augusto Machado SILVA  Maurício Veloso BRUN 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2020,82(12):1802

The purpose of this study was to assess the unilateral prefemoral coelioscopic-assisted approach for ovariosalpingectomy in a d`Orbigny slider (Trachemys dorbigni) using a digital otoscope. Twenty healthy turtles were randomly assigned to one of two groups, for right (GR; n=10) or left (GL; n=10) prefemoral access, for coelioscopic-assisted ovariosalpingectomy. Anesthesia and surgery times, body weight, and ovary/oviduct weight data were recorded. Anesthesia and surgery times did not differ significantly between the groups. Wound closure was the most time-consuming surgical step. Ovary and body weights significantly affected the exposure time of the ipsilateral and contralateral ovaries, respectively. Two intraoperative complications were reported. All the animals recovered uneventfully. The digital otoscope can be safely and effectively used for coelioscopic-assisted single-access, unilateral prefemoral ovariosalpingectomy in d`Orbigny slider.  相似文献   

Identification of the peroxidase-generated intermolecular dityrosine cross-link in bovine α-lactalbumin     

Heijnis WH  Dekker HL  de Koning LJ  Wierenga PA  Westphal AH  de Koster CG  Gruppen H  van Berkel WJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(1):444-449

The peroxidase-mediated oxidation of calcium-depleted bovine α-lactalbumin generates a mixture of covalently bound protein oligomers with interesting foaming properties. Here, we isolated the initially formed covalent α-lactalbumin dimer and studied its mode of cross-linking. Liquid chromatography-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS) of proteolytic digests revealed the unambiguous identification of a peroxidase-catalyzed covalent link between Tyr18 and Tyr50. This shows that, although the radical reaction is often regarded as a random reaction, the initial product formation is specific. Protein structural modeling indicates that the conjugation reaction between these tyrosines is sterically favored and involves initial noncovalent protein complex formation through charge compensation, facilitating intermolecular cross-linking. The identification of the Tyr18-Tyr50 cross-link supports the view that the peroxidase-mediated oxidation of apo α-lactalbumin is a sequential process, involving the formation of linear trimers and higher order oligomers.  相似文献   

Cross-linking behavior and foaming properties of bovine α-lactalbumin after glycation with various saccharides     

Ter Haar R  Westphal Y  Wierenga PA  Schols HA  Gruppen H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(23):12460-12466

α-Lactalbumin was glycated via the Maillard reaction in the dry state using various mono- and oligosaccharides. The reaction resulted not only in coupling of the saccharides to α-lactalbumin but also in cross-linked proteins. The glycation rate and the extent of cross-link formation were highly dependent on the saccharide used. Glycation by arabinose and xylose led to a very fast protein cross-link formation, whereas glucose showed a relatively low protein cross-linking ability. The stability of foams, created using the various glycated protein samples, depended on the type of saccharide used, the extent of glycation, and possibly the amount of cross-linked protein. Compared to nonmodified α-lactalbumin, glycation with rhamnose and fucose improved foam stability, whereas application of glucose, galacturonic acid, and their oligosaccharides did not exert a clear effect. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that dehydration of the Amadori products is an indicator of the formation of protein cross-links.  相似文献   

Functional beetle diversity in managed grasslands: effects of region,landscape context and land use intensity     

Yunhui Liu  Christoph Rothenwöhrer  Christoph Scherber  Péter Batáry  Zoltán Elek  Juliane Steckel  Stefan Erasmi  Teja Tscharntke  Catrin Westphal 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(3):529-540

Current biodiversity conservation policies have so far had limited success because they are mainly targeted to the scale of individual fields with little concern on different responses of organism groups at larger spatial scales. We investigated the relative impacts of multi-scale factors, including local land use intensity, landscape context and region, on functional groups of beetles (Coleoptera). In 2008, beetles were suction-sampled from 95 managed grasslands in three regions, ranging from Southern to Northern Germany. The results showed that region was the most important factor affecting the abundance of herbivores and the abundance and species composition of predators and decomposers. Herbivores were not affected by landscape context and land use intensity. The species composition of the predator communities changed with land use intensity, but only in interaction with landscape context. Interestingly, decomposer abundance was negatively related to land use intensity in low-diversity landscapes, whereas in high-diversity landscapes the relation was positive, possibly due to enhanced spillover effects in complex landscapes. We conclude that (i) management at multiple scales, from local sites to landscapes and regions, is essential for managing biodiversity, (ii) beetle predators and decomposers are more affected than herbivores, supporting the hypothesis that higher trophic levels are more sensitive to environmental change, and (iii) sustaining biological control and decomposition services in managed grassland needs a diverse landscape, while effects of local land use intensity may depend on landscape context.  相似文献   

Effects of crop rotation of soybean with corn on severity of sudden death syndrome and population densities of Heterodera glycines in naturally infested soil     

Lijuan Xing  Andreas Westphal 《Field Crops Research》2009

Sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium virguliforme, and the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, combined cause the highest yield losses in soybean. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of corn rotated annually with soybean on reducing severity of sudden death syndrome (SDS) and if such crop rotation is beneficial to soybean root health and thus improves disease management strategies. Experiments were conducted from 2003 to 2006 through two cycles of a corn–soybean rotation on two commercial fields in Indiana. With one exception, the rotation of soybean with corn did not provide yield benefits compared to monoculture of soybean. Severity of foliar and root symptoms of SDS in rotation plots were never less than in soybean monoculture plots. At one location, soybean monoculture resulted in suppression of SDS compared to the corn–soybean rotation, while H. glycines reproduced freely. At the other location, monoculture of soybean resulted in suppressiveness against H. glycines, while SDS was limited in all treatments. The data suggest that soil suppressiveness can independently impact the pathogens that are important in SDS development. Because H. glycines can increase SDS symptoms, its suppression may also reduce severity of SDS. Current production systems consisting of yearly rotation of soybean with corn are highly vulnerable to the development of severe soil-borne disease complexes. The simple year-to-year rotation of corn and soybean is not considered sustainable. While monoculture of soybean resulted in some disease suppression in these trials, reliance on monoculture may be detrimental due to other environmental considerations beyond the scope of these trials. Including other crops may be beneficial in improving the sustainability of soybean and corn production systems.  相似文献   

Provision of physiological data and reference values in awake and anaesthetized female sheep aged 6–12 months     

Tim Kampmeier  Philip Arnemann  Michael Heßler  Sebastian Rehberg  Andrea Morelli  Martin Westphal  Matthias Lange  Hugo Van Aken  Christian Ertmer 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):518-528

  相似文献   

Cross-scale effects of land use on the functional composition of herbivorous insect communities     

Neff  Felix  Blüthgen  Nico  Chisté  Melanie N.  Simons  Nadja K.  Steckel  Juliane  Weisser  Wolfgang W.  Westphal  Catrin  Pellissier  Loïc  Gossner  Martin M. 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(8):2001-2015

Landscape Ecology - Insect herbivores comprise the majority of macroinvertebrate communities of temperate grasslands and act as drivers for important ecosystem functions. Landscape- and local-level...  相似文献   

Genetic Analysis of DIA, GOT and PGI Isozyme Loci in Daucus carota L. ssp. sativas     

L. Westphal  G. Wricke 《Plant Breeding》1989,102(1):51-57

Isozymes are useful biochemical markers in plant breeding. This paper presents the first results on the inheritance of three enzyme systems: diaphorase (DIA), glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) from leaves of Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus and the linkage relationships among these isozyme loci, marked Dia, Got, and Pgi. Methods of extraction and electrophoresis are described. Segregation ratios indicated that the DIA system is controlled by three genes: Dia-1, Dia-2 and Dia-3, Dia-1 as invariant. Two codominant alleles and a null allele were found for Dia-2, and four codominant alleles for Dia-3-GOT isozymes are encoded by three genes; Got-1, Got-2 and Got-3. An active allele and a null allele were observed for Got-1, two codominant alleles for Got-2 and Got-3, respectively. PGI isozymes are controlled by a single gene, Pgi-1, with two codominant alleles. Altogether one invariant isozyme locus and six polymorphic loci are postulated. Test of joint segregation suggested a linkage of Dia-3 and Pgi-1. The recombination value is 0.04 ± 0.009.  相似文献