The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system          下载免费PDF全文

B. Perramon  À. D. Bosch‐Serra  F. Domingo‐Olivé  J. Boixadera 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(4):676-690

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.  相似文献   

Getting cosy in freshwater: Assumed to be brackish pike are not so brackish after all     

Kim Birnie‐Gauvin  Lasse Birch Hjrup  Theis Kragh  Lene Jacobsen  Kim Aarestrup 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2019,28(3):376-384

Pike (Esox lucius) occupy coastal streams and rivers of the Baltic Sea, where they attain large sizes (>5 kg). These large sizes are perhaps due to the fact that they can tolerate relatively high salinities and can thus forage in the nearby more productive brackish environments. In an attempt to quantify the extent to which pike utilise brackish environments, and to provide some insight into the underlying causes for brackish water migrations, we tagged 30 pike from a western Baltic river with acoustic transmitters and were able to track 21 individuals for 1 year. Based on experienced from local anglers, this population was assumed to be brackish in nature, where individuals underwent freshwater migrations to spawn. Our findings however suggest that the smallest and most active individuals make short exits into brackish waters and do so on rare occasions. Our results further indicate that neither sex nor size is related to activity level. We suggest that these patterns reflect two distinct behaviours—active and passive—and that large pike can be supported by the food availability in the river, without the need to venture into coastal zones, thus defying the conventional view that Baltic pike are all brackish in nature.  相似文献   

异速对辊式玉米秸秆粉碎还田装置设计与试验   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘鹏  何进  李艳洁  李洪文  王庆杰  卢彩云  张振国  李绍华 《农业工程学报》2020,36(14):69-79

针对玉米秸秆量大、韧性强,导致还田后秸秆粉碎不均匀影响后续整地和播种等问题,该研究提出了一种异速对辊及动态双支撑形式的玉米秸秆粉碎还田方式,并研制了相应的玉米秸秆还田装置,主要由捡拾粉碎单元、对辊滑切支撑单元、支撑板和机壳等组成。在异速动态双支撑条件下,通过对作业过程中玉米秸秆动力学分析和秸秆漏捡面积分析,对捡拾粉碎刀和对辊滑切支撑刀进行设计,建立了影响秸秆粉碎合格率的数学模型。以捡拾粉碎刀转速、L型甩刀折弯角、L型甩刀刃口长度和滑切支撑刀滑切角为因素,秸秆粉碎合格率为试验指标进行Box-Behnken试验。田间试验结果表明:当滑切支撑刀滑切角45°、捡拾粉碎刀转速1 700 r/min、L型甩刀刃口长度45 mm和L型甩刀折弯角40°时,玉米秸秆粉碎合格率为92.58%,与预测值误差5%,满足国家标准要求。该研究提出的秸秆粉碎还田方式和研制的秸秆粉碎装置为玉米秸秆粉碎还田机设计和优化提供新的方案和技术支撑。  相似文献   

栀子和玉兰花提取物对烤烟主要化学成分及致香物质含量影响     

李迪秦  卢政言  王艳  钟仪  刘铭辉  王青  江祥伟  陆超  丁春霞 《作物杂志》2020,36(1):136-569

以湘烟5号为材料,通过盆栽试验,探讨不同浓度植物提取物对烤烟主要化学成分及致香物质含量的影响。结果表明,喷施栀子花和玉兰花汁液提取物有利于烟叶原料主要化学成分含量的改善,与对照相比,喷施处理的上部橘黄二级（B2F）和中部橘黄三级（C3F）烟叶还原糖含量分别高15.0%~21.1%和14.3%~17.7%,钾含量分别高5.7%~13.9%和7.4%~14.0%;与对照相比,喷施处理的烟叶的石油醚提取物、类胡萝卜素降解物、降解产物、茄酮、非酶棕色化反应产物、芳香族氨基酸裂解产物、新植二烯和中性致香物质总量,上部橘黄二级（B2F）烟叶分别高10.0%~20.9%、11.2%~20.9%、9.6%~20.2%、9.8%~21.1%、10.8%~22.5%、11.2%~23.0%、14.9%~24.7%和11.9%~22.1%,中部橘黄三级（C3F）烟叶分别高13.5%~24.1%、11.3%~21.0%、11.4%~20.0%、10.8%~18.7%、13.1%~21.2%、10.1%~19.1%、17.5%~27.0%和18.1%~27.6%;烟叶感官质量评价权重得分高于对照。栀子花和玉兰花汁液提取物对烟叶主要化学成分及致香物质含量的作用效果以施用量3.5~5.0g/株的处理最佳。  相似文献   

Whitened kernel surface: A fast and reliable method for assessing Fusarium severity on cereal grains by digital picture analysis     

Marine Ollier  Vincent Talle  Anne‐Laure Brisset  Zo Le Bihan  Simon Duerr  Marc Lemmens  Ellen Goudemand  Olivier Robert  Jean‐Louis Hilbert  Hermann Buerstmayr 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(1):69-81

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. The applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets (265 samples). Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. This new scoring method facilitates fast and reliable assessment of the resistance to kernel infection and shows significant correlation with mycotoxin content. WKS can be automated and does not suffer from the “human factor” inherent to visual scorings. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings.  相似文献   

Construction and evaluation of introgression lines and fine mapping of ehd8 from Jinghong common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)     

Dayun Sun  Wenxiang Wang  Xiaoyun Xin  Liming Cao  Xuejun Sun  Zejun Hu  Ling Jiang  Shiqing Dong  Yahui Liu  Jinshui Yang  Xiaojin Luo 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(2):163-173

Heading date is one of the most important traits in rice and regulated by multiple genes. Common wild rice is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice and harbours abundant genetic diversity. To use wild rice resource in rice breeding, a set of 154 introgression lines (ILs) covering 93% of the genome of Jinghong common wild rice was constructed in the background 'Teqing', using 208 simple sequence repeat markers evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among the ILs, the line JIL64 displayed late heading independent of photoperiod. Genetic analysis using the two F₂ populations crossed ''Teqing'/JIL64 and JIL64/'Teqing' revealed that late flowering was controlled by a recessive gene on chromosome 8 (designated early heading date 8, ehd8), and ehd8 was fine mapped to the 50‐kb region flanked by markers RM22221 and 64Indel4. Sequencing and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that LOC_Os08g01410 and LOC_Os08g01420 were deleted in JIL64 and may be associated with the late heading of Jinghong common wild rice. These findings lay a practical foundation for characterizing ehd8, and the ILs help to mine genes from Jinghong common wild rice.  相似文献   

优化预处理及脱毒工艺以制备玉米芯半纤维素水解液     

王家旺  杨晓峰  刘国明  葛菁萍 《中国农学通报》2020,36(20):28-35

为了降低玉米芯半纤维素水解液中的乙酸、糠醛和酚类等有毒物质含量,使可利用糖类含量增加。本研究以玉米芯为原料制备水解液,对预处理及脱毒工艺进行优化,并利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测优化效果。结果表明,10~20目的玉米芯在10%氨水浸泡24 h后,可将乙酸和酚类物质的脱除率,分别提高至93.4%和32.3%,而糠醛的含量也大大降低。经过真空浓缩、CaO脱毒以及2%活性炭吸附后,使有毒物质含量再次降低,此时的水解液可完全用于菌株的发酵试验,达到了去除的目的。本文所得到的最佳水解液处理步骤,其结果符合菌株发酵用标准,说明水解液处理方式的不同,直接影响着水解液的制备。这为研究和利用木质纤维素等可再生资源提供了思路,也为发酵生产奠定了理论基础。  相似文献   

Paternal genomotype affects female growth in a hybrid fish complex          下载免费PDF全文

Sara Carona  Maria J. Collares‐Pereira  M. Filomena Magalhães 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2017,26(4):719-721

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施氮处理对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响     

郭丹丹  刘哲文  常旭虹  王德梅  陶志强  王艳杰  杨玉双  赵广才  石书兵 《作物杂志》2020,36(6):158-1252

为探究施氮处理对不同筋型小麦的植株性状、籽粒产量和品质的影响,采用盆栽试验,选用强筋小麦品种中麦578（A1）和中麦5051（A2）、弱筋小麦品种扬麦15（A3）和扬麦24（A4）为供试品种,在施氮量相同的条件下进行底施（B1）和追施（B2）处理。结果表明：在其他栽培措施相同条件下,强筋小麦穗长、总小穗数、千粒重和籽粒产量均优于弱筋小麦,其中A1籽粒产量分别比A2、A3和A4高0.44%、49.81%和15.27%;施氮处理中B2的株高、穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数和籽粒产量均高于B1;不同处理组合中,强筋小麦品种A1B2的植株和产量性状优于其他处理;强筋小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量均高于弱筋小麦品种,且具有极显著差异（P<0.01)。本试验中强筋小麦品种中麦5051在氮肥追施处理中可以兼顾籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量。  相似文献   

基于多源遥感数据的河套灌区干旱时空演变特征     

牛乾坤  刘浏  程湫雅  李浩 《干旱地区农业研究》2020,38(4):266-277

利用中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS）验证了2015—2016年土壤水分主动-被动微波数据集（SMAP）在河套灌区的适用性，基于土壤水分亏缺指数（SWDI ）和干旱周百分比（PDW）分析了作物生育期内灌区农业干旱时空演变规律，通过两个参考指标检验了SWDI在河套灌区的精度。结果表明：（1）SMAP在河套灌区的适用性较好；区域尺度上，SMAP和CLDAS的相关系数为0.65；栅格尺度上，约有69%的栅格表现良好（R>0.5），且多集中在灌区西南部和东北部。（2）严重干旱主要发生在4月下旬到5月中旬、7月下旬到8月下旬以及9月中旬到10月中旬，主要集中在灌区的西南部、中部和东部；2015—2016年PDW值略有增大，干旱事件的持续时间有所延长。（3）大气水分亏缺量（AWD）表征的气象干旱在时间上显示2 a内灌区干旱月份为5—8月；空间上，除去地形原因，SWDI和AWD的相关性较为显著，且有一半格点通过了显著性水平为0.01的显著检验，表明基于SWDI对河套灌区进行干旱状况分析具有较高的可信度。  相似文献