丘陵区土地整理对土壤理化性状的影响   总被引：8，自引：7，他引：8  

王瑷玲  赵庚星  王庆芳  刘文鹏 《农业工程学报》2011,27(9):311-315

该文以莱芜市里辛土地整理项目为例,采用野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了丘陵区土地整理对土壤理化性状的影响。研究结果表明,土地整理对土壤物理性状影响极显著或显著;对土壤化学性状影响不显著;各土壤理化性状的变异系数,除土壤体积质量增加、土壤黏粒稍有增加外,其他均下降,整理后土壤理化性状更均匀。土壤理化性状变化原因主要是整理中注重物理措施、忽视土壤培肥,施工不规范及国家有关标准不具体等造成。今后应重视土壤培肥,规范施工,完善有关土地整理标准、明确各项土壤理化性状指标等,以确保土壤质量提高。  相似文献   

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘     

PENG Hui  YIN Hu  DENG Jun  YE Jin-Shao  CHEN Shuo-N  HE Bao-Yan  ZHANG Na 《土壤圈》2012,22(4):554-561

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.  相似文献   

Response of soil properties and yam yield to Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) and Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) mulches     

Taiwo M. Agbede  Aruna O. Adekiya  Joseph S. Ogeh 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(2):209-224

Plant materials differ in their chemical composition, rate of decomposition and suitability as mulch materials. Experiments were conducted during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 cropping seasons for early yam cultivation at Owo in the forest–savanna transition zone of southwest Nigeria to study the effect of Chromolaena odorata and Tithonia diversifolia mulches applied at 0.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 t ha^?1 on soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient composition, growth and tuber yield of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). Both C. odorata and T. diversifolia mulches reduced soil bulk density and temperature; increased concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg, leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg; enhanced growth and yield of yam compared with control. The values of SOM, total N and available P and leaf N and P concentrations increased with increasing mulch rate. C. odorata mulch and T. diversifolia mulch applied at 10.0 and 7.5 t ha^?1, respectively, was found to be suitable for yam production. T. diversifolia mulch compared with C. odorata mulch produced higher values of soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and yield of yam. T. diversifolia mulch produced 19% and 18% higher tuber yield compared with C. odorata mulch during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 cropping seasons, respectively.  相似文献   

Effect of long-term application of fertilizers on soil quality and rice yield in a salt-affected coastal region of India     

S. Tripathi  A. Chakraborty  B. K. Bandyopadhyay  K. Chakrabarti 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(4):439-450

The studied soils were collected from a 24-year long-term fertilizer experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on tropical Typic Endoaquepts during monsoon season only. The organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) status of the soils improved with the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment than the initial values at the start of the experiment. The available P status of the soils depleted in the N₁₀₀P₁₁K₂₂ and N₀P₀K₀ treatments than the initial value. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and basal soil respiration (BSR), activities of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatases as well as fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA) were the highest in the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment. The highest percentage of MBC in OC in the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment revealed the accumulation of organic matter with an overall improvement in nutrient status of soil, since MBC is a labile pool of plant nutrients. Long-term application of fertilizers (N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂) had no deleterious effect on microbial and biochemical soil quality parameters. Rice grain yields were inconsistent with N₁₀₀P₀K₀ and N₀P₀K₀ while that of N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂, N₁₀₀P₁₁K₂₂ and N₁₀₀P₂₂K₀ increased gradually during the course of the experiment for each block period of six years. The grain yield of rice showed high significant correlation with the microbial and biochemical soil parameters.  相似文献   

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响   总被引：56，自引：5，他引：56  

王美  李书田 《植物营养与肥料学报》2014,20(2):466-480

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。  相似文献   

Tomato fruit quality as influenced by the interactions between agricultural techniques and harvesting period          下载免费PDF全文

Marcos Hernández  Francisco Espinosa  Purificación Galindo 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(3):443-448

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) is an important crop in terms of its economic and nutritional value. Many factors, including cultivar, climate, geography, geochemistry, and agricultural practice, can affect its nutrient concentrations. An HJ‐biplot study was performed to examine the effects of cultivar (Dorothy, Boludo, Dominique, Thomas, and Dunkan), agricultural practices, climatic factors, and their interactions. Significant differences were analyzed using a one‐way ANOVA. All samples were collected and assayed at the same degree of ripeness. In the conventional and organic tomato samples, those harvested from December to April had the highest concentrations of fructose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, protein, Na, and Mg, while those harvested in October had the highest concentrations of lycopene and hydroxycinnamic acid. There were high concentrations of Ca, P, Zn, and Cu in the no‐soil tomatoes. Conventional and organic cultivation practices showed similar results with respect to the collection period, both presenting high organic compound concentrations, while high mineral concentrations seemed to correspond to the no‐soil practice. No clear pattern was observed among the different cultivars, perhaps due to all the samples having been collected at the same degree of ripeness.  相似文献   

水体富营养化水平对纸莎草地下部化学成分的影响     

肖双成  谭宁华  汤利  宋卫武  张玉梅  郑毅 《农业环境保护》2013,(11):2264-2270

水体富营养化会导致纸莎草营养状况的变化及次生代谢产物含量的改变。通过典型样地采样和HPLC分析,研究了亚热带高原季风区（昆明）受生活污水污染的沟渠中3种富营养化程度（超富营养一上游、富营养一中游、中富营养一下游）水质对纸莎草地下部生物量和化学成分的影响。结果表明：自上游至下游随着水体富营养化程度的降低,纸莎草地下部生物量显著下降,纸莎草地下部生物量为1．74~3．18kg·m^-2,与原产地相当甚至略高;不同富营养化水质显著影响纸莎草地下部氮、磷的含量,其中中游、下游氮的含量分别较上游下降了43．5％和38．2％,磷的含量分别下降了16．2％和27．7％;不同富营养化水质使纸莎草地下部化学成分发生了显著变化,从上游到下游1-芝麻脂素（38）的含量显著增加,柳杉醇（40）的含量有增加的趋势,黑麦草内酯（18）含量显著减小,猫眼草黄素（35）和青蒿亭（37）的含量受水质影响不大;在未分离鉴定的化合物中,还有10种化合物的含量随着水体富营养化程度的降低而显著增加,有2种显著减少,水质对其他化合物含量的影响不规律。  相似文献   

几种保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田的实践   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：11  

张仁陟  黄高宝  蔡立群  罗珠珠  李玲玲  谢军红 《中国生态农业学报》2013,21(1):61-69

自2001年起,甘肃农业大学的研究者在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇布设了不同保护性耕作措施下春小麦→豌豆和豌豆→春小麦轮作系统的定位试验,以研究免耕不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕地膜覆盖(NTP)等保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田生态系统中的效应。本文就近10年依托该试验获取的相关研究结果进行综述,重点阐述特定土壤、气候、农作制度下土壤理化性状、土壤微生物及其酶活性、土壤温室气体排放、作物生理生态等对上述几种保护性耕作措施的响应。初步得到免耕秸秆覆盖措施有助于形成良好的土壤结构、减少土壤侵蚀、改善土壤持水特性、提高土壤养分利用效率、改善土壤微生物区系、增强作物光合效能、增加作物产量等结论,对筛选出当地适宜的耕作模式、改善区域土壤质量、促进农业可持续发展有重要意义。在此基础上,提出目前该项研究存在的问题和今后重点关注的方向:1)保护性耕作土壤碳循环机理;2)覆盖方式的创新;3)温室气体排放测量方法的改进与完善。  相似文献   

湿地沉积物重金属环境化学行为研究进展   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

刘庆  谢文军  游俊娥  赵西梅  陆兆华 《土壤》2013,45(1):8-16

湿地沉积物重金属污染是当前环境科学领域的研究热点.本文在简要回顾国内外湿地沉积物中重金属污染研究成果的基础上,从湿地沉积物重金属来源、形态组成及提取方法、重金属在沉积物-水界面的迁移转化、质量基准以及风险评价等方面综述了当前国内外研究的最新进展,并提出了该领域未来可能的研究方向.认为针对湿地沉积物重金属向水体释放引起的二次污染问题,应重点对湿地沉积物重金属的环境化学行为展开深入研究,在研究方法和研究手段上应注重新技术的开发与应用.  相似文献   

Soil Redistribution investigations by combined use of soil 137Cs and selected chemical properties     

Xiangyu Tang  Mingyuan Du  Qiguo Zhao  Renying Li 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):557-566

Abstract

To improve the methods of application of phosphorus or supply of soil P to Azolla (A. microphylld), basal application, split application, inoculation of P-enriched Azolla, and soil disturbance were compared. Soil disturbance did not increase the floodwater P content. Phosphorus was applied to inoculum production plots to enrich Azolla with P. Thus, phosphorus-enriched Azolla could multiply 5–7 times after inoculation until it became P deficient. Trials on the methods of enrichment of Azolla with P showed that the best method was to broadcast twice 4.33 kg P (10 kg P₂O₅/ha) at 2-day intervals and to harvest Azolla 3 days after P application. Addition of P once or twice 2 weeks after the inoculation of P-enriched Azolla further increased the biomass production. Efficiency of P application was analyzed in terms of N gain in relation to the amount of P applied. This ratio in the P-enriched Azolla treatment was higher than the economically sound ratio -5-, and higher than or equal to that in the standard split application.  相似文献