Australian sperm whales from different whaling stocks belong to the same population     

Joanna Day  David Power  Rosemary Gales  John Bannister  Maxine P. Piggott  Kerstin Bilgmann  Robert Harcourt  Luciano B. Beheregaray  Luciana M. Möller 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(6):1452-1465

1. Understanding the factors driving population structure in marine mammals is needed to evaluate the impacts of previous exploitation, current anthropogenic threats, conservation status, and success of population recovery efforts.
2. Sperm whales are characterized by a worldwide distribution, low genetic diversity, complex patterns of social and genetic structure that differ significantly within and between ocean basins, and a long history of being commercially whaled. In Australia, sperm whales from the (International Whaling Commission assigned) southern hemisphere ‘Division 5’ stock were very heavily exploited by whaling.
3. The present study assessed the potential effects of whaling on the genetic diversity of sperm whales in Australia and the population genetic structure of these whales within a global context. A combination of historical and contemporary sperm whale samples (n = 157) were analysed across six regions, from south-eastern Australia (‘Division 6’ stock in the Pacific Ocean) to south-western Australia (‘Division 5’ stock in the Indian Ocean).
4. Sperm whales sampled from the ‘Division 5’ and ‘Division 6’ stocks belong to the same population based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses. Four novel sperm whale mtDNA haplotypes were identified in animals from Australian waters. Levels of genetic diversity were low in Australian sperm whales but were similar to those previously reported for populations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
5. Given the genetic distinctiveness of sperm whales in Australian waters from other regions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the lack of recovery in population numbers, further scientific studies are needed to increase our understanding of population dynamics and the effectiveness of threat management strategies in this species.

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Longer migration not necessarily the costliest strategy for migrating humpback whales     

Leena Riekkola  Virginia Andrews‐Goff  Ari Friedlaender  Alexandre N. Zerbini  Rochelle Constantine 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(5):937-948

1. Long‐distance migration is a demanding physical activity, and how well animals manage the associated costs will have important implications for their fitness.
2. The Oceania humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) population is recovering from past exploitation markedly slower than the neighbouring east Australian whales. The reasons for this are unknown, although higher energetic costs of longer migratory distances could be a possible explanation. Due to their fully aquatic lives, studying the energy expenditure of these large animals requires methods that do not rely on capturing the animal, such as bioenergetic models.
3. A state‐space model was fitted to satellite data to infer behavioural states for southern migrating whales. Travel speeds and behavioural states were used in a bioenergetic model to estimate the energetic cost of the migration phase. Relative differences in average duration, distance, and energetic costs were compared between migratory routes and distances.
4. Total energy used during migration was a trade‐off between cost of transport (determined by travel speed) and daily maintenance (determined by daily basal metabolic costs). Oceania whales migrating to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas travelled fastest and furthest, 15 and 21% further than whales migrating to the d'Urville Sea (east Australian whales) and Ross Sea, respectively. Therefore, they had the highest cost of transport, 25 and 85% higher than for d'Urville Sea and Ross Sea whales, respectively. However, energy saved in terms of daily maintenance by using fewer days to complete a longer migration resulted in only a 6–7% increase in total energetic cost.
5. The results highlight that travelling further does not necessarily translate into an increase in total energy expenditure for migratory whales, since they can compensate for longer distance by travelling faster. Further research on the energetics of different whale populations could provide insight into the productivity of Southern Ocean feeding regions and help understand the environmental and anthropogenic effects on the whales' energy budgets.

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气液两相流工况下泵内气相特征数值计算     

刘厚林  杜欣来  吴贤芳  谈明高 《排灌机械工程学报》2022,40(3):238-243

为研究叶片泵内气相的分布、运动规律,应用计算流体动力学方法对气液两相流工况下叶片泵内流场进行数值模拟,并通过试验进行验证.基于MUSIG模型对泵内气液两相流动进行了数值计算,同时采用Prince-Blanch模型和Luo-Svendson模型描述气泡聚并和破碎过程,揭示了压力分布、不同尺寸气泡分布和气泡平均直径分布.研...  相似文献   

不同水分处理下液膜覆盖对夏玉米生长及产量的影响   总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11  

强小嫚  周新国  李彩霞  郭冬冬  刘祖贵  张俊鹏 《农业工程学报》2010,26(1):54-60

针对塑料地膜对农业生产造成的严重污染问题,运用对照处理方法,探讨了液体地膜覆盖对夏玉米生长发育及产量等方面的影响。结果表明,液膜覆盖使夏玉米株高和茎粗均比对照偏大,其中,低水分处理下差异最为显著。夏玉米叶面积指数低水分处理时液膜覆盖在生育前期较对照偏大,生育后期偏小;而中、高水分下液膜覆盖叶面积指数在整个生育期内均比对照偏大。液膜覆盖使夏玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率显著增大,有利于光合产物的形成。低水分处理下液膜覆盖增产效果最好,增产率达到56.97%,产投比为1.695,高水分下液膜覆盖增产效果最差,增产率仅为15.57%,液膜覆盖产投比小于对照。研究认为,夏玉米液膜覆盖能有效抵抗干旱逆境从而达到节水增产的显著效果。  相似文献   

集水灌溉和施肥对半干旱区春小麦生态位适宜度和产量的影响     

李文龙  苏敏  李自珍 《农业工程学报》2010,26(4):42-48

为了探讨利用农业集水进行的控制灌溉和施肥对提高春小麦生态位适宜度和增加产量的重要作用,该文采用田间小区试验和建模分析方法,研究了不同供水和不同施肥对春小麦叶面积指数（LAI）、根生物量、生态位适宜度与产量的影响。结果表明：不同灌溉供水量与不同施肥量对春小麦LAI和根生物量都呈现出显著的影响,其中丰水、平水和自然降水比低水处理的LAI最大值（开花期）分别增加56.9%、30.9%和19.1%;根生物量平均值分别增加84.2%、50.4%和26.6%;同时施肥与相应不施肥相比亦有显著增加。春小麦生态位适宜度与产量的结果显示：在丰水、平水、自然降水和低水处理下的适宜度（F(t)）平均值分别为0.6631、0.5670、0.5174和0.4763,籽粒产量平均值分别为3 159.2、2 345.2、1 735.7和1 380.6 kg/hm2;其中丰水、平水和自然降水比低水处理的适宜度值分别提高了39.2%、19.0%和8.6%;平均籽粒产量分别提高了128.8%、69.9%和25.7%,这表明增加供水量具有提高适宜度和增产的显著正面影响。同时,施肥比相应不施肥也有提高适宜度和增产的积极作用。统计分析表明：适宜度与籽粒产量之间呈正线性相关关系。对试验中16种不同水肥组合处理的评价结论为：丰水下施低、中、高肥,平水高肥和自然降水高肥等5种处理下属适宜;其余11种处理下属中等或不适宜。各处理下的最大适宜度值（0.8351）和最高产量（4 275.8 kg/hm2）是在丰水高肥下一致达到,这表明丰水高肥是半干旱区的一种生态适应性和产量最佳的组合处理。  相似文献   

富镉复垦基质中添加改良剂对作物镉含量及产量的影响     

赵敬美  冯永军  郝桂喜  樊瑞 《农业工程学报》2010,26(6):292-295

为了选择出可以在基质中安全种植的作物,该文研究了在粉煤灰加酒糟（基质Ⅰ）和粉煤灰加污泥（基质Ⅱ）混合成的基质中添加柠檬酸和熟石灰作为改良剂,对芸豆、豇豆和马铃薯镉含量及产量的影响。结果表明：熟石灰可以提高作物出苗率,柠檬酸对作物出苗率影响不大。熟石灰可以显著提高基质Ⅰ中芸豆和豇豆以及2种基质中马铃薯的产量,柠檬酸降低基质Ⅰ中芸豆和豇豆的产量,达到显著水平,而对马铃薯在2种基质中的产量影响都不显著。熟石灰可以显著降低芸豆和马铃薯果实中镉的含量,柠檬酸却可以显著增加芸豆果实中镉的含量。粉煤灰加酒糟中可以安全种植的作物为芸豆、豇豆和马铃薯;粉煤灰加污泥中可以安全种植的作物为马铃薯。  相似文献   

冬小麦不同生长期雷达后向散射特征分析与应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

蔡爱民  邵芸  李坤  宫华泽  张风丽  陈权  王国军 《农业工程学报》2010,26(7):205-212

雷达遥感具有全天候观测能力,其时效性保障是作物关键物候期观测的迫切需求。该文以全极化雷达遥感数据RADARSAT-2为数据源,选择冬小麦的孕穗期和乳熟期为研究对象,以理论模型MIMICS模拟为依据,分析了冬小麦不同物候期的散射特征和参数提取方法。结果表明：冬小麦不同生长期由于结构上的差异,散射特征差别很大;模型模拟可以为长势反演提供参考,为作物参数反演提供理论依据;孕穗期可以用极化比HH/VV提取作物长势信息,乳熟期极化比VV/VH更易提取长势信息,且精度更高,同时极化比VV/VH能在乳熟期估算冬小麦的产量。  相似文献   

灌溉模式对红壤稻田土壤环境及水稻产量的影响     

尹春梅  谢小立 《农业工程学报》2010,26(6):26-31

为优化红壤丘陵区水稻生产的水分管理模式,以中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站长期田间定位试验为研究对象,模拟分析了江南红壤丘陵区4种不同灌溉模式对稻田的土壤环境及系统生产力的影响。结果表明,土壤环境方面,雨养稻田与模拟节水灌溉相比,水稻生育期白天平均土壤温度高0.3～0.5℃;长期淹灌红壤稻田土壤体积质量相对较低,土壤蓄水能力较强,有利于土壤有机质的累积和氮素质量分数的提高,淹灌表层（0～20 cm）土壤全氮质量分数较雨养和湿灌分别高10.8%和8.8%,土壤有机质质量分数分别高7.0%和6.1%。由于江南丘陵区降雨资源丰富,早稻期间雨量充沛,处理间早稻产量差异主要来自不同灌溉模式下土壤环境尤其是土壤养分条件的改变;晚稻期间,水分则成为水稻产量提高的限制因子,雨养区晚稻产量显著低于其他灌溉处理。相对于其他水分管理模式,红壤双季稻田淹水灌溉模式能够获得更高的水稻产量。  相似文献   

温度及总固体浓度对粪秆混合发酵产气特性的影响   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

宋籽霖  李轶冰  杨改河  秦佳佳  任广鑫  冯永忠 《农业工程学报》2010,26(7):260-265

为探索温度、发酵料液总固体浓度和产气量之间的关系,确定最佳发酵温度以及进料量,通过自行研究设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以5℃为梯度在20～40℃温度范围内,设置以4%为梯度,质量分数为4%～20%的5个总固体浓度,以鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1（干物质量比）混合物为发酵原料,以常温厌氧发酵池的底物为接种物,进行批量厌氧消化试验,研究不同总固体浓度的发酵原料在不同温度下的厌氧发酵效果。结果显示,各总固体浓度发酵料液的产气速率均随着发酵温度的升高而加快;随总固体浓度增大,发酵料液产沼气的最适温度范围也随之扩大;各总固体浓度发酵料液的干物质产气率在5个温度的平均值依次为料液总固体质量分数8%＞20%＞16%＞12%＞4%;鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1混合原料厌氧发酵的理论最优总固体质量分数及发酵温度值分别为14.6%,32.8℃。可以看出,发酵料液浓度并不是越高越好,不同的温度有其最适的浓度或浓度范围。  相似文献   

不同灌溉方式对精量穴直播超级稻生产的影响   总被引：14，自引：8，他引：6  

郑天翔  唐湘如  罗锡文  黎国喜  王在满  舒时富  陈伟通 《农业工程学报》2010,26(8):52-55

为了探明精量穴直播超级稻湿润灌溉的需水量和不同灌水量对超级稻产量构成因素的影响,以指导精量穴直播超级稻节水灌溉,通过大田试验,研究了不同灌溉方式对精量穴直播和常规移栽水稻培杂泰丰（超级杂交稻）和玉香油占（超级常规稻）2个超级稻品种生产的影响。结果表明：精量穴直播湿润灌溉处理的灌水量相对于精量穴直播常规灌溉少23.51%,相对于移栽常规灌溉少30.46%,精量穴直播湿润灌溉处理和精量穴直播常规灌溉处理的产量没有明显差异,而这2个处理的理论产量分别比移栽常规灌溉处理高7.75%和9.62%,实际产量分别高9.18%和8.09%;精量穴直播湿润灌溉处理的干物质量和叶面积指数显著高于其他2个处理。说明湿润灌溉有利于精量穴直播超级稻高产的形成。  相似文献