Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation — An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas     

K. A. Singh  R. N. Rai  Patiram  D. T. Bhutia 《Agroforestry Systems》1989,9(3):241-257

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.  相似文献   

动物源食品中酰胺醇类药物及其代谢物残留检测超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究     

陈蔷  张崇威 《中国兽药杂志》2015,49(8):28-34

建立了动物源食品中酰胺醇类药物(氯霉素CAP、甲砜霉素TAP、氟苯尼考FF)及其代谢物(氟苯尼考胺FFA)残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法。样品经氨化乙酸乙酯提取,正已烷脱脂,氨化乙酸乙酯反萃取,电喷雾正/负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。四种药物在0.2~50μg/L的系列浓度范围呈线性相关,样品中CAP的检测限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.2μg/kg;TAP、FF、FFA检测限为0.5μg/kg,定量限为1.0μg/kg。在0.2~5μg/kg的添加浓度范围内平均回收均为80%~120%,变异系数均小于15%。结果表明该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于动物源食品中酰胺醇类及其代谢物残留检测。  相似文献   

食源性寄生虫的风险评估     

邓明俊  肖西志  张凤娟  孙涛  孙敏  郑小龙  王群  张晓文  朱来华  徐彪 《动物医学进展》2015,(3):115-119

风险(risk)是由一种或多种危害因子而引发危害事件的一种可能性或概率。危害因子可能属于物理的、化学的、微生物的范畴,病原微生物中的细菌、病毒、寄生虫等都可成为引发危害事件的风险因子。评估某一因子是否对人或其他生物构成威胁以及所危害的程度显得至关重要。事实上,存在于环境中的危险因子及其多种可能的传播途径都会引发多种危害性事件。因此,要想充分了解并揭示由危害因子引发危害的概率,以及其随后对人类健康造成的危害并非易事。风险评估则是对不良结果或不期望事件发生几率进行描述及定量的系统过程,现已被视为一种用于揭示存在于环境中的各种危害及其对人类健康造成的影响的方法。论文主要对食源性寄生虫风险评估的方法进行全面阐述。  相似文献   

Use of a foaming disinfectant and cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on poultry transport coops     

《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2015,24(3):364-370

Poultry transportation coops are rarely washed and have been demonstrated to be a point of cross-contamination of broiler carcasses. Foaming disinfectants and cleaners, commonly used within processing plants, may be used to clean and disinfect poultry transportation coops. In this study, homogenized fecal material was evenly applied to the floors of precleaned broiler transportation coops and allowed to dry. Treatments consisted of a water rinse, a foam additive alone, foaming cleaner, and a disinfectant plus a foam additive. All foaming treatments were applied using a compressed air foam system (2,271 L/min; 600 gal/min), similar to what firefighters would use. A high-pressure water rinse (HPWR) was added prior to or following the treatments to determine whether rinsing prior to product application or rinsing after product application would improve efficacy. Based on our data, a compressed air foam system may be used in combination with a commercially available disinfectant or foam cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on the surfaces of commercial broiler transportation coops. Furthermore, the addition of a HPWR did not further reduce the level of aerobic bacteria on broiler transportation coop floors.  相似文献   

Detection of the staphylococcal enterotoxin D-like gene from staphylococcal food poisoning isolates over the last two decades in Tokyo     

Yasunori SUZUKI  Makiko KOBAYASHI  Shigeru MATSUSHITA  Satomi UEHARA  Rei KATO  Yusuke SATO’O  Hisaya K. ONO  Kenji SADAMASU  Akemi KAI  Yoichi KAMATA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2015,77(8):905-911

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Effects of utilization of local food by‐products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake,digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep          下载免费PDF全文

Srita Yani  Kyohei Ishida  Shuzo Goda  Shigeyoshi Azumai  Tomoyuki Murakami  Masayuki Kitagawa  Kanji Okano  Kazato Oishi  Hiroyuki Hirooka  Hajime Kumagai 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(2):174-180

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by‐products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by‐products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by‐products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by‐products can be most suitable for TMR silage.  相似文献   

基于粪便纤维组织法探究异地驯养藏羚的食性     

孙平  郭玉萍  熊建利  张纪亮  王占彬  赵新全 《家畜生态学报》2015,36(1):70-75

基于粪便纤维组织法探讨异地(铁卜加草原站)驯养藏羚的食性。结果表明,在基地生长的50种植物中,伊凡苔草、火绒草、川青早熟禾、洽草等是藏羚最喜爱食用植物,所占比例依次为18%、13%、11%和8%,其中伊凡苔草的茎、火绒草的叶、菥冥的果和迷果芹的花是其喜食部位。在基地驯养藏羚的食物组成中,各科所占比例依次为:禾本科(43%)莎草科(25%)菊科(14%)十字花科(7%)豆科(3%)。与可可西里地区类似,铁卜加地区藏羚以单子叶植物为主要食物。  相似文献   

Meat Juice Serology and Improved Food Chain Information as Control Tools for Pork‐Related Public Health Hazards          下载免费PDF全文

E. Felin  E. Jukola  S. Raulo  M. Fredriksson‐Ahomaa 《Zoonoses and public health》2015,62(6):456-464

The seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., pathogenic Yersinia spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. was studied in 1353 finishing pigs from 259 farms that were allocated according to farm types: large fattening farms (≥1000 pig places), small fattening farms (< 1000 pig places) and farrow‐to‐finish farms. The antibodies were analysed with commercial ELISA kits in meat juice samples that were collected at Finnish slaughterhouses. Salmonella antibodies were rare (3% of pigs, 14% of farms) when the cut‐off optical density (OD) value 0.2 was used. Antibodies to pathogenic Yersinia spp. and T. gondii were detected in 57% of pigs and 85% of farms (OD ≥0.3) and in 3% of pigs and 9% of farms (OD ≥0.15), respectively. No antibodies to Trichinella spp. were detected (OD ≥0.3). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, T. gondii and Trichinella spp. as the most relevant biological hazards in the context of meat inspection of pigs. The seroprevalence of these important zoonotic pathogens was low in Finland, except that of Yersinia. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma was significantly higher in pigs originating from small‐scale fattening farms (P < 0.05). Strong positive correlation was observed at the animal level between Salmonella and Yersinia seropositivity and between Salmonella and Toxoplasma seropositivity (P < 0.05). We suggest that these results reflect the level and importance of biosecurity measures applied on the farms. Meat juice serology at slaughter is a useful tool for targeting measures to control these pathogens. The information obtained from analyses should be used as part of the food chain information (FCI).  相似文献   

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定蔬菜甲醛含量及风险评估     

兰珊珊  魏茂琼  林昕  沙凌杰  李红菊  刘宏程 《广东农业科学》2022,49(12):151-159

【目的】建立蔬菜中甲醛含量测定的快速方法,明确蔬菜中甲醛的残留情况,掌握蔬菜中甲醛含量对人群的膳食暴露风险。【方法】采用单因素试验优化关键实验条件,建立蔬菜中甲醛含量测定的乙酰丙酮分光光度法,分析 383 个蔬菜样品中的甲醛含量,利用点评估的方法结合膳食数据对蔬菜中甲醛的暴露风险进行评估。【结果】乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定蔬菜中甲醛含量的检出限和定量限分别为 0.45、1.5 mg/kg,在 1.5、7.5、15 mg/kg 添加水平下,回收率在 86.33%~92.40%,相对标准偏差为 2.23%~4.21%;不同蔬菜中甲醛的检出率为5.00%~72.73%,总检出率为 26.37%,不同蔬菜的检出平均值在 0.47~1.67 mg/kg;不同蔬菜中甲醛含量对一般人群的膳食暴露水平为 0.0019~0.068 mg/kg (bw/d),安全限值（MOS）为 14.1~289.8,蔬菜中甲醛含量对不同人群的膳食暴露水平为 0.0060~0.15 mg/kg (bw/d),MOS 在 10.1~33.3,所有评估的 MOS 均大于 1。【结论】乙酰丙酮分光光度法能快速测定蔬菜中的甲醛含量,方法操作简便,灵敏度高;蔬菜中甲醛残留量的膳食摄入风险较低,在可接受范围内。  相似文献   

魏晋南北朝时期的果品及其功用     

高迪  张明 《农业考古》2022,(1)

先秦时期的典籍中就已经出现了大量有关果品的记载。果品不仅具备食用价值,还承载着丰富的文化内涵。随着农业科学技术的持续提升,魏晋南北朝时期果品种植的面积持续扩大,种植技术不断成熟,种植品类日益繁多,产品初加工和深加工能力增强。果品在饥馑灾荒年代可以充当主食饱腹,可以调节味道增添层次,果树既具备观赏价值,又可以作为经济作物提供经济效益。此外,果品还可以在社会生活中发挥作用,促进社会交往与文化交流。果品可用以彰显社会地位,可用以交际交流,可用以表达观点抒发情感,可用以下酒醒酒以避世。果品丰富的生活和社会功用使它在魏晋南北朝时期得到更广泛的开发和利用,并持续发展至今。  相似文献