Application to soil of disinfectants through irrigation reduces Verticillium dahliae in the soil and verticillium wilt of olive     

F. J. Gómez-Gálvez  V. Vega-Macías  J. C. Hidalgo-Moya  J. J. Hidalgo-Moya  D. Rodríguez-Jurado 《Plant pathology》2020,69(2):272-283

The application of disinfectants through drip irrigation could be a feasible practice against verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) of olive. OX-VIRIN (activated peroxide) and OX-AGUA AL25 (quaternary ammonium compounds) are two disinfectants that have shown efficacy against V. dahliae in irrigation water and potential for reducing the disease in young olive plants. In this work, various post-planting application strategies incorporating OX-VIRIN (once a month, or twice a month on alternate or successive weeks) or OX-AGUA AL25 (once a month, or twice a month on alternate weeks) were assessed for their effect on V. dahliae in soil, disease in olive trees, and olive yield, in a 2-year pot-experiment under natural environmental conditions. The disinfectants were injected via metering pumps into a drip irrigation system that irrigated olive trees planted in V. dahliae-inoculated soil. All the application strategies significantly reduced the total inoculum density in soil compared to controls with no disinfectants and noninoculated soil. The microsclerotia density was also significantly reduced in disinfested soils by 73.6–86.8%, depending on the strategy. The symptoms and infection incidence were always lower in treatments subjected to disinfestation. The treatment with OX-AGUA AL25 applied twice a month on alternate weeks most reduced the symptoms (by 53.0%) and colonization index (by 70.8%) with respect to untreated water control. This soil disinfestation also significantly strengthened the symptom remission. Tree growth and production were negatively affected by soil inoculation (reduced by 45.6% and 88.7%, respectively), but not so by disinfectants, which even relieved the reduction in inoculated soils, especially when OX-AGUA AL25 was applied.  相似文献   

The effectiveness of consistent roguing in managing banana bunchy top disease in smallholder production in Africa     

Bonaventure A. Omondi  Misheck M. Soko  Innocent Nduwimana  Ronald T. Delano  Celestin Niyongere  Alice Simbare  Donald Kachigamba  Charles Staver 《Plant pathology》2020,69(9):1754-1766

The removal of infected individuals is a common practice in the management of plant disease outbreaks. It minimizes the contact between healthy individuals and inoculum sources by reducing the infectious window of contaminated individuals. This requires early detection and consistent removal at landscape scale. Roguing of mats with symptoms of banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in Cavendish banana production systems has been tested in Australia, using trained personnel, but has never been tested in smallholder systems. We studied the effectiveness of long-term consistent roguing in prolonging the productivity of banana orchards under smallholder farming systems in highland banana and plantain dominated production systems in Africa. We assessed the possibility of low-risk seed sourcing from the managed plots. Roguing reduced BBTD incidence to 2% in managed farmer fields and to 10% in experimental field plots, while a nonmanaged field eventually collapsed in the same period. With roguing, new infections decreased monthly compared to an exponential increase in a nonmanaged field. The emergence of new infections in both managed and nonmanaged farms followed a seasonal cycle. BBTD managed plots were a source of low-risk seed for replacing the rogued mats in the same fields, but perhaps not safe for use in nonendemic areas. We conclude that it is possible for smallholder farmers to recover and maintain banana productivity with rigorous roguing, which would entail early identification of symptoms and early removal of diseased mats. Studies are needed on the intensity of roguing under different disease and production conditions.  相似文献   

几种培养因子对喹诺酮类药物抑制体外嗜水气单胞菌活性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卢彤岩  佟恒敏  杨雨辉  赵吉伟 《大连水产学院学报》2004,19(3):189-193

研究了培养基酸碱度(pH)、镁离子(Mg2+)、细菌接种量及小牛血清对4种喹诺酮药物抑制鱼类体外病原菌嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonashydrophila的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)的影响。结果表明,当pH为7和8时,4种药物的MIC和MBC均最小,当pH升高或降低时,MIC和MBC均明显升高,抑菌活性明显降低。Mg2+对4种药物的体外抗菌活性均有不同程度的影响,随着Mg2+浓度的升高,环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的MIC和MBC均升高;当Mg2+浓度为0～2 0mg/mL时,二氟沙星的MIC无明显变化;Mg2+浓度为1 0mg/mL时,二氟沙星的MBC由0 8μg/mL上升到3 2μg/mL,单诺沙星的MIC为0 00625μg/mL,但随着Mg2+浓度的增加,MIC和MBC均有升高。细菌接种量为102～105CFU/mL时,环丙沙星和二氟沙星的MIC和MBC均无变化,只有当菌数增至106CFU/mL时,MIC和MBC才开始随着接种细菌量的增加而增加。血清能明显降低4种喹诺酮类药物的体外抑菌活性。  相似文献   

适于玫烟色拟青霉液相发酵生产的培养基和初始接种量及pH   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

陈宜涛  冯明光 《浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》2003,29(1):39-43

从美国引进对刺吸式口器害虫具侵染力的玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)菌株Pfr116,用5种培养液在25 ℃下进行深层培养,以菌丝生物量作为指标筛选出了适合于工业生产的发酵液配方(w/v):食用蔗糖2%,马铃薯20%,蛋白胨0.1%,NaNO3 0.01%,KCl 0.01%,MgSO4 0.025%,MnSO4 0.005%,FeSO4 0.005%及KH2PO4 0.05%.用此培养液对Pfr116 菌株进行48 h的深层发酵,可获>20 mg/mL的干菌丝产量,与萨氏培养液的菌丝产量无显著差异.通过对液培初始接种量和pH值进行优化,确定最佳初始接种量为培养液的菌丝含量1.5 ～2.0 mg/mL,最佳初始pH值为5～7.  相似文献   

小佛肚竹竹丛结构对新竹秆形变异的影响     

陈双林  杨清平  郭子武 《浙江林学院学报》2008,25(1):123-126

竹丛结构状况直接影响着竹子的生长环境。通过丛初植立竹数、立竹空间分布和丛立竹数等对小佛肚竹Bambusa ventricosa秆形变异的影响进行研究。结果表明：新竹畸形秆率随丛初植立竹数和栽植后年份的增加而降低,丛初植立竹数以2～3株为宜;出笋后的丛立竹数与竹丛外围、内围新竹数分别呈正相关和负相关,与新竹畸形率呈负相关;竹丛畸形秆新竹数随丛立竹数（出笋前）增加呈先升后降的趋势,丛立竹数与新竹畸形率呈负相关,人工栽培的丛立竹数应控制于4～6株。图1表2参10  相似文献   

Impact of weather variables and season on sporulation of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae     

Stuart Fraser  Mireia Gomez‐Gallego  Judy Gardner  Lindsay S. Bulman  Sandra Denman  Nari M. Williams 《Forest Pathology》2020,50(2)

Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae are the causal agents of important needle diseases on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Little is known about the epidemiology of the diseases, making the development of control strategies challenging. To investigate the seasonality and climatic drivers of sporulation, inoculum traps, consisting of pine fascicles floating on water in plastic containers, were exchanged fortnightly at five sites in P. radiata plantations between February 2012 and December 2014. Sections of needle baits were plated onto selective media and growth of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae recorded. To explore the generalizability of these data, they were compared to detection data for both pathogens from the New Zealand Forest Health Database (NZFHDB). Further, equivalent analyses on infection of Rhododendron ponticum by P. kernoviae in Cornwall, UK allowed the comparison of the epidemiology of P. kernoviae across different host systems and environments. In New Zealand, inoculum of P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was detected between January–December and March–November, respectively. Inoculum of both species peaked in abundance in late winter. The probability of detecting P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was greater at lower temperatures, while the probability of detecting P. pluvialis also increased during periods of wet weather. Similar patterns were observed in NZFHDB data. However, the seasonal pattern of infection by P. kernoviae in the UK was the opposite of that seen for sporulation in New Zealand. Phytophthora kernoviae was likely limited by warmer and drier summers in New Zealand, but by colder winter weather in the UK. These results emphasize the importance of considering both environmental drivers and thresholds in improving our understanding of pathogen epidemiology.  相似文献   

促进稻田农药利用效率的表面活性剂筛选   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

徐广春  顾中言  徐德进  许小龙 《中国农业科学》2013,46(7):1370-1379

【目的】从有机硅、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚和氮酮 3类10种表面活性剂中筛选出能促进稻田农药利用效率的表面活性剂。【方法】分别采用国家标准GB 5549-1990和表面张力法测定10种表面活性剂溶液的表面张力及其对应的临界胶束浓度,并以表面张力降低的效率、初始接触角以及微量称重法测定的最大稳定持留量为依据筛选出适宜稻田喷雾使用的表面活性剂。【结果】PTS和NP-15达到临界胶束浓度时的溶液表面张力大于稻叶的临界表面张力,初始接触角均大于100°,不能粘附和润湿稻叶;GSS、KNS和GJZ可在稻叶上润湿,但初始接触角均大于90°,难以瞬间地粘附稻叶,易滚落或流失;其余5种表面活性剂适宜浓度下均可在稻田喷雾使用,其中有机硅表面活性剂Silwet 408的粘附、润湿效果好,其在30°、45°和60°倾角稻叶上的流失点（（14.33±0.27）、（12.44±0.58）和（10.27±0.40）mg•cm-2）和最大稳定持留量（（7.98±0.37）、（6.84±0.40）和（5.23±0.23）mg•cm-2）的最大值均显著高于TX-10。在水和3种常用药剂（毒死蜱、井冈霉素和吡虫啉）推荐浓度的药液中添加质量浓度为125.0 mg•L-1的Silwet 408,均能降低药液的表面张力至20.77—23.12 mN•m-1,初始接触角降至28.4°—67.1°,除毒死蜱推荐浓度外最大稳定持留量均显著增加。【结论】10种供试表面活性剂中的5种适宜浓度下可用于稻田喷雾,其中以Silwet 408 最适宜用于稻田喷雾,其最佳添加浓度为125.0 mg•L-1。  相似文献   

提高印尼20号标准橡胶塑性值的研究     

李宗良  黄健心  李晓晖  成林燕 《热带作物学报》2012,(5):38-41

研究了如何提高印尼20号标准天然橡胶塑性值,在印尼广垦橡胶(坤甸)有限公司进行,采用了喷洒草酸、水合联氨等试验方法。结果表明,使用3 %的水合联氨能得到较好的塑性值。  相似文献   

椰心叶甲发育的起点温度和有效积温   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

钟义海  伍筱影  刘奎  赵志英  彭正强  吴坤宏 《热带作物学报》2004,25(2):47-49

通过室内饲养观察，测定了不同温度下椰心叶甲不同虫态发育的起点温度、有效积温及存活率。结果表明，椰心叶甲世代发育起点温度为11．08℃，有效积温为966．22℃，在海南省儋州市1a发生的理论代数为4～5代。持续过高温度，如32℃不适宜椰心叶甲的生长。  相似文献   

初投产茶园氮磷钾配比施用与产量、品质的关系研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

唐劲驰  吴利荣  吴家尧  唐颢  黎健龙  庞式 《茶叶科学》2011,31(1):11-16

通过水泥池培育方法,进行初期投产茶园氮磷钾肥料配比试验.结果显示,氮磷钾不同配比施用对幼龄茶树生长性状及茶园产量影响很大,处理问差异均达到显著或极显著水平;氮磷钾肥不同水平配施或单因素施入对茶树芽叶生化成分影响显著,随着氮肥施入量的增加,氨基酸含量有明显提高;磷钾肥对提高红茶品质有着较大的作用,单施氮肥将使红茶品质变差...  相似文献