Incidence and Severity of Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) in Alleys between Leucaena Hedgerows in Kenya     

E. K. Koech  R. Whitbread 《New Forests》2006,31(3):385-402

The effects of inter-row spacing of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit in an alley cropping system on the incidence and severity of rust (Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger) on intercropped beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and their yield were examined over 2 years (1993 and 1994) at Chepkoilel Campus in Kenya. Each experiment consisted of three randomized blocks with treatments of three alley widths (2 m, 4 m and 8 m) and a treeless control with two intra-row spacings of Leucaena (0.5 m and 1.0 m). Hedgerows were coppiced at 1.0 m height and pruned subsequently at 2–3 months intervals. No fertilizer was applied but Leucaena loppings were incorporated as green leaf manure. Rust on beans was assessed at three growth stages in each season, using the Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) scales. Microclimate was monitored in treatments, in 1994. Bean growth and yield were also measured. Rust increased with increasing alley width and was less severe in bean rows adjacent to hedgerows. Bean yield was highest in the treeless control plots and declined with decreasing alley width. Beans in 2 m alleys had significantly lower (p < 0.05) yields than 8 m alleys and treeless control plots. Bean growth was greatly modified in 2 m alleys and close to hedgerows. Light availability and diurnal temperature increased with alley width but relative humidity and leaf wetness duration decreased. Proximity to hedgerows also had marked effect on microclimate. The changes in yield, rust incidence and severity were examined in relation to microclimate, inoculum survival and dispersal.  相似文献   

Forest patches in Imperata grassland and prospects for their preservation under agricultural intensification in Northeast Luzon, The Philippines     

D. J. Snelder 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,52(3):207-217

Frequent burning and grazing and cultivation of cash crops increasingly threaten forest patches in hilly grassland in Northeast Luzon, yet their importance as a resource with multiple environmental functions and forest products persists. The aim of this study is to identify different types of forest patches, and their condition under present land-use intensification, and discuss prospects for their integration into sustainable local farming systems. Five types of forest patches are distinguished, both natural and planted ones, including rows of trees, woody patches, gallery forests, hill-slope forests and homegarden conglomerations. Natural woody patches and gallery forests in Imperata grassland are subject to degradation and land-use conversion under conditions of agricultural intensification. Woody patches in grassland affected by frequent burning and grazing cover small areas (66% below 50 m² as opposed to 28% in protected grassland) and contain relatively few woody plant species (25 woody species in total as opposed to 82 where protected). Yet where well managed, they may provide a variety of products for sale and subsistence, covering emergency needs and giving off-season cash income to rural communities. Moreover they serve like the gallery forest various ecological functions, carrying valuable indigenous tree species, retaining soil base nutrients, providing a continuous supply of organic matter and intercepting fine earth soil particles removed from bare surfaces. It is suggested that forest-patch management systems may be developed, taking into account both patch diversity and the diverse needs of rural communities, and to strengthen existing and undervalued functions of forest patches as permanent elements in an agricultural landscape.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Assessment of the accuracy and precision of the i‐Smart 30 VET Electrolyte Analyzer in dogs,cats, cattle and pigs          下载免费PDF全文

Han‐Jun Kim  Hye‐Rim Lee  Yoon‐Seo Park  Soon‐Goo Kyung  Sun Hee Do 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2015,44(3):410-419

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Reliability of the Lactate Scout point‐of‐care instrument for the determination of blood l‐lactate concentration in sheep          下载免费PDF全文

Ozgur Kaynar  Tolga Karapinar  Armagan Hayirli  Ersoy Baydar 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2015,44(4):559-563

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关于黑龙江省造林绿化信息系统的研究     

张玉东  赵贵春  李清林  冯技巧 《林业科技情报》2006,38(1):5-6

本文论述了退耕还林管理信息系统应用软件的研制及主要功能、特点。该软件主要为黑龙江省各级林业部门提供有关退耕还林管理的辅助决策服务;它是集地理信息、管理信息、资源信息、动态信息于一体的应用软件。  相似文献   

玉米高速精量播种机正压气流辅助吹送导种装置研究     

刘瑞  刘云强  刘忠军  刘立晶 《农业机械学报》2023,54(7):156-166

玉米播种机高速、精量作业时,投种点高,种子因剧烈碰撞,而导致粒距均匀性差,为此基于文丘里原理,设计一种利用正压气流辅助输种的导种装置,确定了导种装置的主要结构和关键参数。分析了气流辅助输种,实现“零速投种”的机理。采用DEM-CFD耦合仿真方法模拟导种装置的工作过程,通过对比分析气流场、种子的出射速度,确定进气室收缩角为70°、进气室收缩段长度为8.2 mm。利用排种器性能测试平台进行速度匹配试验、弹跳试验、作业性能试验和对比试验,结果表明：作业速度为8～16 km/h、粒距为20～25 cm时,合格指数不小于85.7%;粒距变异系数不大于15.8%。与重力式导种管相比,作业速度越高,正压气流辅助导种装置的优良作业性能越突出,作业速度为16 km/h时,粒距合格指数增加13.6个百分点,粒距变异系数减少7.4个百分点,满足高速条件下精量输种的要求,有利于提升高速精量播种机整体作业性能。  相似文献   

基于BiLSTM-GRU融合网络的稻虾养殖溶解氧含量预测     

石庆兰  束金阳  李道亮  黄凯欣  查海涅 《农业机械学报》2023,54(10):364-370

在稻虾养殖模式中溶解氧含量(浓度)是养殖水体的重要指标之一,其直接影响小龙虾的摄食量和新陈代谢,因此在养殖过程中精准预测溶解氧含量至关重要。针对稻虾养殖中溶解氧含量变化复杂,难以快速准确预测的问题,提出了BiLSTM-GRU融合神经网络预测模型。为了保证精准预测,首先对传感器进行了清洗校准,并根据偏移量对历史数据进行了修正。在此基础上构建了基于BiLSTM和GRU的融合神经网络训练模型,BiLSTM提取更多特征因子,GRU实现快速预测,快速准确预测溶解氧含量变化。为了使监测预测性能更优,对不同采样周期下的资源损耗及预测模型性能进行综合对比分析,确定了传感器数据最优采样周期为30 min。进一步与LSTM、GRU、BiLSTM以及BiGRU模型对比,表明本文提出的BiLSTM-GRU融合神经网络模型的预测效果更好,其平均绝对误差、均方根误差和决定系数分别为0.275 9 mg/L、0.616 0 mg/L和0.954 7,比传统的LSTM神经网络模型分别高25.14%、13.25%和2.22%。  相似文献   

上海市稻田耕作制度演变与绿色高质量发展进程     

李金文  曹林奎  曹燕  倪远之  钱晓雍 《华中农业大学学报》2022,41(6):101-110

水稻生产不仅对于保障粮食安全意义重大,同时稻田作为一类特殊的人工湿地,对城市的可持续发展也至关重要。上海稻田耕作制度从20世纪80年代的三熟制转变为两熟制,到2010年代又从两熟制逐渐调整为一熟制。近年来,逐步形成了用地与养地相结合的耕作制度,部分地区成功探索了稻田种养结合的绿色生产模式,并逐步实现了品牌化生产。然而,上海水稻绿色生产也面临诸多挑战,包括粮食稳产压力、资源与环境约束以及高度依赖财政补贴、自身盈利能力不足等。针对上述问题,本文提出了今后稻田耕作制度绿色、高质量发展的对策：在确保耕地面积、稻田比例不下降与稳定单产潜力的基础上,稳定全市粮食产量;创新和集成绿色栽培技术,提升稻田湿地生态功能;深化稻米品牌建设,以品牌化实现生态产品价值,提升水稻绿色种植经济效益。  相似文献   

Commercial cash crop production and households’ economic welfare: Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China          下载免费PDF全文

MA Ji-liang  LI Fan  ZHANG Hui-jie  Khan NAWAB 《农业科学学报》2022,21(11):3395-3407

Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate. This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming. It then examined how households’ commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare. We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare. The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices, agricultural technology services, farmers’ access to loans, and government subsidies promoted smallholders’ commercial pulse farming; production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders’ commercial pulse production. Overall, commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income. Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households’ cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers.  相似文献   

有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响     

向开宏  吕旭  舒川海  伍杂日曲  张金悦  朱岳梅  杨志远  孙永健  马均 《中国农业科技导报》2022,24(9):149-165

为探究有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响,2018—2020年,选用鸡粪型有机肥进行不同比例有机肥替代化肥田间小区试验。试验采用两因素裂区设计,主区为3个杂交水稻品种,分别是宜香优1108、F优498、德优4727;副区为不同比例有机肥替代化肥,在总施氮量150 kg·hm^-2水平下,设置100%化学N肥（M1）、75%化学N肥+25%有机肥（M2）、50%化学N肥+50%有机肥（M3）、25%化学N肥+75%有机肥（M4）和100%有机肥（M5）共5个处理,以不施N肥为对照（CK）。结果表明,随着有机肥比例的增加,3个品种的每穗粒数和产量均先增加后降低。对于宜香优1108,M2处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高,2018、2019和2020年分别较M1处理增产2.92%、5.53%和8.07%。对于F优498和德优4727,M3处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高,3年分别较M1处理平均增产9.13%、7.33%、7.21%和2.7%、6.03%、8.69%。施肥处理中均以M5处理的产量最低。对于氮素转运率,M2和M3处理水稻的氮素转运率增加,其中,宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素转运率3年平均较M1处理提高9.40%和11.41%,F优498提高9.63%和19.18%,德优4727提高9.40%和18.03%。随着有机肥比例的增加,氮素表观利用率降低,氮素收获指数、氮素农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均先增加后减少。宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素收获指数3年平均较M1处理提高5.05%和5.54%,F优498提高4.53%和8.80%,德优4727提高4.88%和8.98%。由此表明,在精量穴直播下,有机肥与无机肥的合理配施能更好地调控水稻对养分的吸收利用,从而提高产量;宜香优1108采用25%有机肥替代化学氮肥时产量最佳,而F优498和德优4727采用50%有机肥替代化学氮肥增产效果更好。  相似文献