盐酸多西环素片在羔羊体内残留消除规律及休药期分析     

曹玉颖  王杰  张希墨  吴琴尧  邱基程  李淑媛  张璐  龚晓会  白如念  曹兴元 《畜牧兽医学报》2021,52(4):1086-1093

旨在确定盐酸多西环素片按照给药说明给药后在羔羊体内的残留消除规律及休药期。将盐酸多西环素片根据体重以5 mg·kg^-1内服给药，间隔24 h，连续给药5次。在最后1次给药后，分别在第0（12小时）、1、2、3、5、7和9天时间点采集羔羊脂肪、肌肉、肝和肾，采用建立并验证的HPLC-VWD方法测定组织中多西环素的含量。结果显示：方法学考察结果表明，在50~5 000 ng·mL^-1添加的线性方程和相关系数为y=0.044x-0.414，R²=0.999。试验结果表明，多西环素在羔羊组织中代谢快速，最后1次给药后第9天，在肌肉、肝、肾和脂肪中均未检测到多西环素。本试验以5 mg·kg^-1体重内服给予羔羊盐酸多西环素片后，根据欧洲药品评估机构法规《EMEA/CVMP/036/95》，建议盐酸多西环素片在羔羊组织中的休药期为2 d。  相似文献   

Comparison of behavior, physical condition and performance of laying hens in four molting methods     

Tsuyoshi SHIMMURA  Yusuke EGUCHI  Katsuji UETAKE  Toshio TANAKA 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(1):129-138

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the welfare level of hens in four molting methods by comparing their behavior, physical condition and performance. In total, 96 White Leghorn layers (72 weeks of age) were used. The four molting methods consisted of 10 days of feeding and the first 3 days of water withdrawal WFW); 10 day feed withdrawal (WF) followed by ad libitum access to a layer diet from day 11, 28 days of restricted feeding (RF) and 28 days without withdrawing their feed (NW). The RF and NW hens were fed a low energy diet. The WFW and WF hens showed two clear phases of behavior during the 10‐day fasting period. Explorative and stereotyped behavior increased for WFW and WF hens just after their fast. Standing‐resting then increased for WFW and WF hens while lying‐resting decreased. In contrast, RF and NW hens did not show clear behavioral changes during the 28‐day molt period. The weight loss of the NW hens was more gradual compared with the other three methods. No significant differences were seen in any productive trait among the four methods during the postmolt period. In conclusion, the welfare level of RF and NW, especially NW, was higher compared with WFW and WF.  相似文献   

Effects of a low dose infusion of racemic and S-ketamine on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in standing ponies     

Peterbauer C  Larenza PM  Knobloch M  Theurillat R  Thormann W  Mevissen M  Spadavecchia C 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2008,35(5):414-423

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of plasma concentrations obtained by a low dose constant rate infusion (CRI) of racemic ketamine or S-ketamine on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) in standing ponies.Study designProspective, blinded, cross-over study.AnimalsSix healthy 5-year-old Shetland ponies.MethodsPonies received either 0.6 mg kg⁻¹ racemic ketamine (group RS) or 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ S-ketamine (group S) intravenously (IV), followed by a CRI of 20 μg kg⁻¹minute⁻¹ racemic ketamine (group RS) or 10 μg kg⁻¹minute⁻¹ S-ketamine (group S) for 59 minutes. The NWR was evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve before drug administration, 15 and 45 minutes after the start of the bolus injection and 15 minutes after the end of the CRI. Electromyographic responses were recorded and analysed. Arterial blood was collected before stimulation and plasma concentrations of ketamine and norketamine were measured enantioselectively using capillary electrophoresis. Ponies were video recorded and monitored to assess drug effects on behaviour, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and respiratory rate.ResultsThe NWR was significantly depressed in group RS at plasma concentrations between 20 and 25 ng mL⁻¹ of each enantiomer. In group S, no significant NWR depression could be observed; plasma concentrations of S-ketamine (9–15 ng mL⁻¹) were lower, compared to S-ketamine concentrations in group RS, although this difference was not statistically significant. Minor changes in behaviour, HR and MAP only occurred within the first 5–10 minutes after bolus drug administration in both groups.ConclusionAntinociceptive activity in standing ponies, demonstrated as a depression of the NWR, could only be detected after treatment with racemic ketamine. S-ketamine may have lacked this effect as a result of lower plasma concentrations, a more rapid metabolism or a lower potency of S-ketamine in Equidae so further investigation is necessary.  相似文献   

Effect of a short duration feed withdrawal followed by full feeding on marbling fat in beef carcasses     

P.S. Mir  K.S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein  T. Entz  K.K. Klein  E. Okine  M.V. Dodson 《Livestock Science》2008,116(1-3):22-29

The effect of feed withdrawal for 48 h, prior to initiation of the finishing (fattening) period (75 d) on carcass marbling fat was studied in 120 European × British cross-bred heifers with an average weight of 585 ± 39 kg. Heifers were randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial design experiment with two dietary management treatments, where half the heifers were provided the feed components of steam rolled barley and barley silage either free choice or as a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 87% steam rolled barley and 13% barley silage with ad libitum vitamins and minerals via salt blocks for all animals. Within each dietary management treatment, 30 heifers were denied feed (water was available) for 48 h prior to the two week adaptation to the high grain diet preceding the 75 d finishing period. At the end of the 48 h feed denial blood samples were collected from the jugular vein prior to feeding for determination of glucose and insulin concentrations, which indicated that 48 h feed withdrawal consistently decreased (P = 0.0001) plasma concentrations of both glucose and insulin but the ratios of the concentrations of glucose to insulin were not affected. At slaughter samples of subcutaneous fat from the brisket (BF) and skirt muscle (pars costalis diaphragmatis; PCD) were procured for determination of chemical fat content, fat dissected from the muscle and for enumeration of adipocytes, less than 35 μm in diameter and to determine the average cell size in the dissected fat and from the BF by flow-cytometry of adipocytes fixed in osmium tetroxide. The carcass characteristics were also obtained. Although no differences due feed withdrawal for 48 h were evident for carcass weight, percent lean (saleable) meat yield, rib eye area, average fat cover, fat content of PCD or BF, the US marbling score was increased (P = 0.048) and the amount of dissected fat from the muscle tended to be higher (P = 0.107), thus 81% of the carcasses graded “US Choice” or “Canada AAA,” or displayed at least a “small” amount of intramuscular fat as compared (P = 0.0807) to 68% of the heifers not denied feed. Based on more than three years of weekly prices of carcasses that graded “Canada AAA” and “Canada AA,” these experimental results suggested that the expected price of a finished heifer could increase by $4.61 Canadian if a 48 h feed withdrawal was imposed prior to initiation of the finishing phase. Although significant differences in adipocyte numbers due to a single time 48 h feed withdrawal prior to initiation of the finishing phase were not detected, the carcass quality factors were affected leading to an odds ratio of 1.84 times in favour of cattle carcasses to grade “Canada AAA” than if fed continuously.  相似文献   

Mechanical and physical screw withdrawal properties behavior of agglomerated panels reinforced with coir and pejibaye fibers     

Ayrton A. C. Pereira  José R. M. d'Almeida 《Wood material science & engineering》2018,13(5):286-295

The screw withdrawal resistance and the mechanical behavior of agglomerated panels reinforced with coir and pejibaye fibers were evaluated using through and non-through screw withdrawal tests. Widespread commercially materials, such as Pinus solid wood, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) and plywood, were also tested in order to compare the behavior and results obtained with the lignocellulosic-reinforced agglomerated panels. Among the conventional materials tested, the highest maximum withdrawal load/thickness ratio was measured in solid wood. Panels reinforced with natural fibers showed lower withdrawal resistance than conventional materials. However, panels reinforced with coir fibers reached about 74% of the maximum strength achieved by MDF samples. Panels reinforced with pejibaye showed the worst mechanical performance. Hybridization between pejibaye and coir fibers resulted, however, in a performance improvement of approximately 50% in the maximum withdrawal load comparing with panels reinforced only with pejibaye fibers. The behavior along screw withdrawal was analyzed and could be split into four different steps. Each of these steps was correlated to the screw withdrawal rate, and also with the interactions between the material and the screw. The mechanisms involved in each step are presented and discussed.  相似文献   

Depletion study and estimation of withdrawal periods for florfenicol and florfenicol amine in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)          下载免费PDF全文

Tamires Valim Marques  Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal  Rafael Simões Coelho Barone  José Eurico Possebon Cyrino  Susanne Rath 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(1):111-119

The intensive production of farmed fish is at a global all‐time high, and the control of bacteria proliferation in fish farms requires the frequent use of antimicrobials. This practice raises important environmental concerns related to the emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria strains. Only a few antimicrobial drugs have been approved for use in aquaculture, one of which is florfenicol. This work studies the depletion and withdrawal period of florfenicol and its main metabolite, florfenicol amine, in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), a neotropical characin widely farmed in the southern hemisphere. Juvenile pacu (average weight of 724 g) were stocked in a closed‐loop laboratory system with controlled water temperature (25.8°C), and were fed for 10 consecutive days with a diet containing an intended dose of 10 mg/florfenicol per kg bw. Muscle and skin tissues were collected at 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 days post‐treatment, and florfenicol and florfenicol amine were quantified using a validated ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method. The limits of quantitation for florfenicol and florfenicol amine were 10 ng/g in muscle and 50 ng/g in skin. Considering a maximum residue limit of 1000 ng/g for the sum of florfenicol and florfenicol amine in muscle with skin in natural proportions a withdrawal period of 5 days (water temperature 25.8°C) or 129 degree days was calculated on the basis of the upper limit of the one‐sided 95% confidence interval for the 99^th percentile derived from the residue depletion study.  相似文献   

对动物饲料中禁用抗菌促生长剂的反思   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郝海红  程古月  戴梦红  王旭  王玉莲  黄玲利  刘振利  袁宗辉 《中国农业科学》2015,48(3):594-603

欧盟国家对饲用抗菌促生长剂禁令的颁布引起了国际社会的广泛争议。文章综合动物源细菌耐药性监测数据和风险评估结果,对饲料中禁用抗菌促生长剂进行了反思,结果发现：（1）某些饲用抗菌促生长剂（如大环内酯类促生长剂泰乐菌素和链阳性菌素类促生长剂维吉尼亚霉素等）对人类健康的耐药性风险似乎被人为夸大,系统的风险评估结论认为,养殖动物中泰乐菌素等大环内酯类促生长剂的使用对人类弯曲杆菌耐药性的风险是可以忽略的,维吉尼亚霉素促生长剂的应用也几乎不会对人类肠球菌耐药性造成很大的风险;（2）“病原菌耐药性从农场到餐桌转移”的命题似乎缺乏科学证据,目前虽然有证据显示动物体耐药菌会直接传播给那些与动物密切接触的人群,但动物体耐药菌通过食物链环节传播给人的证据尚不充分;（3）禁用抗菌促生长剂并没有改变耐药模式,特别是禁用糖肽类阿伏帕星、氟喹诺酮类恩诺沙星和四环素类金霉素等促生长剂后,动物体和人体耐药菌数量仍然有增无减、持续上升,其原因可能归咎于万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌较强的传播特性和氟喹诺酮类耐药弯曲杆菌较强的适应性,而四环素类治疗用药的增加也必然增加肠道细菌的耐药性;（4）禁用抗菌促生长剂对动物养殖业带了一定的损失,比如,使产气荚膜梭菌引起的坏死性肠炎的发病率升高,使养殖动物治疗性抗生素的使用量增加,使养殖原料和场地相应增加等;（5）禁用抗菌促生长剂对动物源性食品安全和人类公共健康造成了一定的影响,比如,影响动物体肠道菌群发酵从而增加了有害气体的排放,提高了食品加工过程中的细菌污染几率从而增加了人体食源性病原菌的发病率。总而言之,决策的制定需要权衡利弊、因地因时制宜,综合考虑禁用抗菌促生长剂对耐药性风险的控制作用以及对动物养殖业和人类公共健康的影响。结合中国动物养殖业发展现状及全球动物性产品需要程度,需要开展深入的科学研究,寻找耐药性控制新措施;开展系统的风险评估,有的放矢地制定风险控制策略;加强政府监管力度,避免药物滥用,促进合理用药以延缓耐药性产生。  相似文献   

药浴暴露下阿维菌素在异育银鲫体内蓄积和消除规律     

张卫卫  湛嘉  王元  王浩  房文红 《海洋渔业》2014,36(5)

采用UPLC-MS/MS法研究了2μg·L-1三次连续水体药浴和6μg·L-1一次性水体药浴条件下阿维菌素在水体中消除、在异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)体内蓄积和消除变化规律。结果显示,两种药浴暴露方式下阿维菌素在水体中消除呈一级指数衰退消除,消除半衰期(t1/2)均为63 h,240 h时浓度下降到0.5μg·L-1以下。阿维菌素在异育银鲫血浆和肌肉中的含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势,血浆中药物浓度远高于肌肉中的含量。2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组和6μg·L-1一次药浴组血药峰浓度(Cmax)分别为34.97、66.62μg·L-1,其曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为9 871.2μg·L-1·h和18 119.6μg·L-1·h;两组药浴肌肉中达峰浓度分别4.42μg·kg-1和15.80μg·kg-1,其AUC0-t分别为641.9μg·kg-1·h和4 271.0μg·kg-1·h。与2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组相比,6μg·L-1一次药浴组阿维菌素在血浆和肌肉中的蓄积作用更加显著。以10μg·kg-1作为阿维菌素在异育银鲫肌肉中最大残留限量,选择95%的置信区间计算异育银鲫肌肉组织中休药期,本研究中2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组肌肉的休药期为295.4 h,6μg·L-1一次药浴组肌肉的休药期为454.5 h。  相似文献   

导孔直径对木结构用规格材握螺钉力性能的影响     

阙泽利  杨玲  王菲彬  朱续娜  潘彪 《西北林学院学报》2014,29(5):195-198

探讨导孔直径对木结构用规格材（云杉、落叶松、花旗松、马尾松）握螺钉力性能的影响。结果表明:导孔直径对木结构用规格材的握螺钉力影响较大,随着导孔直径的增大,握螺钉力会缓慢降低,当导孔直径在2~3 mm时,握螺钉力相对稳定;随着导孔直径进一步增大,握螺钉力会急剧下降。4种规格材的纵面握钉力从大到小的顺序是马尾松、花旗松、云杉、落叶松。  相似文献   

屠宰前禁食对肉猪的影响     

杨文娇  王保有  李岩  吴旭颖  赵伟  郭亮 《中国畜牧兽医》2009,36(8):186-188

作者探讨生长猪屠宰前禁食对肉猪潜在的影响。被禁食的猪活体体重及其屠宰胴体重量均有所减少,也可能引发胃溃疡。屠宰前中止饲喂,对肉食品安全是有益的,能够改善肉质终点pH、持水力和肉色;降低肉质肌糖原含量。生长猪的基因型、抗应激性能和动物所处的环境,均能够影响肉猪生产性能。  相似文献