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1.
在试验水温(25±1)℃时,按100μg·L-1的剂量给欧洲鳗鲡药浴溴氰菊酯36h后,采用气相色谱法测定血浆和肌肉中的药物浓度,研究了溴氰菊酯在欧洲鳗鲡体内的代谢及消除规律.采用DAS自动化药动学分析程序对数据进行分析.结果表明:欧洲鳗鲡血浆和肌肉中溴氰菊酯经时过程均符合一级吸收一室开放模型,血浆中主要药动学参数为:T1/2k为148.296h,Cmax为18.446μg·L-1,Tmax为14.7h.肌肉中主要药动学参数为:T1/2k为386.912h,Cmax为44.291μg·kg-1,Tmax为49.6h.肌肉作为可食性组织,且消除较慢,因此选取肌肉组织作为残留检测的靶组织,以10μg·kg-1为最高残留限量,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不低于9d.  相似文献   

2.
为了解孔雀石绿及其有毒代谢产物无色孔雀石绿在鱼体中的蓄积与消除规律,达到对孔雀石绿的禁用监控,本试验对初始体重为(12.42±2.18) g的欧洲鳗鲡进行0.1 mg·L-1 和0.2 mg·L-1 浓度(P1和P2组)孔雀石绿药浴24 h,再转移到清水中养殖120 d,采用高效液相色谱法测定肌肉组织中孔雀石绿及无色孔雀石绿的残留.在药浴过程中,鳗鲡肌肉组织中孔雀石绿平均含量不断升高,P1和P2组分别于药浴12 h和24 h达到最高值(720.5 ±192.6) μg·kg-1和(1404.8±421.9) μg·kg-1;在清水养殖过程中,孔雀石绿在鳗鲡肌肉中含量波动式下降,并于水浴2160 h (90 d)时两个处理组都低于检测限度.肌肉中所含无色孔雀石绿,在药浴过程以及清水养殖的开始一段时间内不断升高,P1和P2组分别于水浴的72 h和120 h达到最高值(960.1±251.0) μg·kg-1和(1 625.8±183.2) μg·kg-1,然后呈波动式下降,至实验结束(水浴120 d)时两个实验组肌肉中还有一定残留.结果表明,无色孔雀石绿的代谢消除时间较长,可以作为检测的标志物.另外,不同浓度的孔雀石绿在鳗鲡肌肉中的代谢规律相似,只是随药浴浓度升高,肌肉中孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石绿含量最高值出现时间有所滞后,以及消除时间相对延长.  相似文献   

3.
阿维菌素在鲈鱼肌肉组织中的残留与消除规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了解实际养殖过程中使用阿维菌素药物后,鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）对阿维菌素的蓄积及消除规律,以指导阿维菌素药物在实际生产中的应用。以毒性试验为基础,在确定96 h半致死质量浓度（LC50）后,以0.25倍LC50,即指导用药量,质量浓度为4 ng·mL-1,结合实际养殖用药情况,药浴72 h后换水,观察阿维菌素在鲈鱼肌肉组织中的残留与消除规律。文章建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鲈鱼中阿维菌素残留量的方法,并以此法测定鲈鱼肌肉组织中阿维菌素的质量浓度。结果表明,随着药浴时间的延长,鲈鱼肌肉组织中的阿维菌素质量分数逐步增加,在药浴结束时达到峰值8.767μg·kg-1,随后阿维菌素在体内的残留量随消除试验的进行逐渐下降,至第528小时降至检测限以下。  相似文献   

4.
氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药物代谢动力学的研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
应用反相高效液相色谱法对口灌和肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)体内的代谢规律进行了研究.按100 mg·kg-1口灌给药后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中氟苯尼考浓度的达峰时间分别为2h、6h、0.5h、1h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药2d后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为4.209μg·mL-1、0.792μg·g-1、0.493μg·g-1、1.448μg·g-1,给药3d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为0.0836μg·mL-1,肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度均未检出;按100mg·kg-1肌肉注射给药后血浆中氟苯尼考浓度达峰时间为0.5h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药5d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度为0.1151μg·mL-1,给药10d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度未检出.口灌氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性二室模型来描述,口灌给药的血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为27.939h、18.844h、11.83h、36.87h;肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性一室模型来描述,肌肉注射给药的血浆中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)为37.52h.  相似文献   

5.
应用反相高效液相色谱法,研究药浴给药条件下,恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药代动力学.按10mg·L-1药浴给药后,恩诺沙星在欧洲鳗体内各组织器官中分布可用开放性二室模型来描述.血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中恩诺沙星达峰时间分别为44.27h、42.74h、50.69h、95.80h,以后开始缓慢下降,血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中代谢产物环丙沙星达峰时间分别为48.89h、55.34h、54.64h、100.0h.给药3个月后血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的恩诺沙星浓度分别为0.0844μg·mL-1、0.09959μg·g-1、0.01242μg·g-1、3.7164u·g-1;恩诺沙星在血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为908.07h、901.24h、59.32h、767.81h.鉴于恩诺沙星和其代谢产物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内消除较慢,建议养成阶段不使用此药.  相似文献   

6.
采用UPLC-MS/MS法,研究了阿维菌素泼洒用药后,该药物在水体、底泥、伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)和水产动物体内的蓄积与消除规律。结果显示,以6μg/L浓度单次泼洒用药后,水体中阿维菌素消解较快,其半衰期为63.8h。阿维菌素在养殖水环境中消减的同时,逐渐由水体向底泥、伊乐藻和水产动物迁移。底泥中阿维菌素峰浓度、曲线下面积和半衰期分别为1.25μg/kg、469.2μg/(kg·h)和115.5 h,说明伊乐藻中的相应值分别为8.75μg/kg、2521.7μg/(kg·h)和315.0h,说明伊乐藻对阿维菌素有明显的吸收和富集作用。该模拟系统中的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)对阿维菌素具有明显的吸收,其血液、肾、鳃、肝和肌肉组织阿维菌素的最高浓度(C_(max))依次为50.9、45.37、21.25、15.47和11.9μg/kg;而该模拟系统中的中华绒鳌蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仅鳃组织检出阿维菌素,其C_(max)在12h为8.08μg/kg,血淋巴、肌肉和肝胰腺等组织均未检出阿维菌素。生物富集系数F_(BC)值显示,对阿维菌素的富集浓度由高到低依次为鲫鱼、伊乐藻、中华绒鳌蟹、底泥,显示阿维菌素在不同分配相和不同生物组织的富集作用差异较大。  相似文献   

7.
诺氟沙星在大黄鱼体内的药代动力学及残留研究   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
刘玉林 《水产学报》2007,31(5):655-660
在试验水温(22±2)℃时,按10 mg.kg-1的剂量给大黄鱼单次口服诺氟沙星后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆和组织中的药物浓度,研究了诺氟沙星在大黄鱼体内的代谢及消除。结果表明血药时间数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型,吸收分布迅速,但消除缓慢,半衰期(T1/2 Ka、T1/2α、T1/2β)分别为0.703 0、2.092 6、154.326 5 h,最大血药浓度为0.886 4μg.mL-1,达峰时间为2.091 4 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为97.803 8μg.h.mL-1。组织中肝脏的药物浓度最高,在测定的时间里各组织的药物浓度高于血浆。药物消除速度依次为:肾脏、肝脏、肌肉,消除半衰期分别为135.88、173.25、223.55 h,肌肉作为可食性组织,且消除最慢,因此选取肌肉组织作为残留检测的靶组织,以50μg.kg-1为最高残留限量,因此在本试验条件下,建议休药期不低于23 d;在治疗大黄鱼细菌性疾病时,以诺氟沙星10 mg.kg-1剂量给药,一般1 d 1次,连用2~3 d。  相似文献   

8.
2种水温条件下罗非鱼体内氟苯尼考的药物动力学比较   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
采用药饵给药，药物剂量为10mg·kg^-1，比较研究了22和28℃水温条件下奥尼罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus×O．aureus）体内氟苯尼考的药物动力学。结果得出，22℃组和28℃组罗非鱼血浆的峰药浓度（Cmax）分别为4．46和3．90μg·mL^-1，达峰时间（Tmax）均为12h，消除半衰期（T1/2β）分别为10．03和8．12h，药-时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为86．68和72．44h·μg·mL^-1。相应条件下的肌肉Cmax分别为6．88和4．59μg·g^-1，Tmax均为12h，T1／2β分别为10．97和8．03h，AUC分别为112．71和73．66h·μg·g^-1。低温组罗非鱼血浆和肌肉中药物的T1／2β均长于高温组，前者分别比后者长1．91和2．96h，表明低温组罗非鱼体内药物的消除速度慢于高温组。虽然2个水温组血浆和肌肉中药物的Tmax相同，但低温组血浆、肌肉的Cmax和AUC均明显高于高温组，表明低温组罗非鱼吸收利用药物程度高于高温组。  相似文献   

9.
采用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-ESI/MS/MS)法分析呋喃西林主要代谢物氨基脲(Semicarbazide,SEM)在中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis,以下简称河蟹)体内的残留及消除规律。设2个试验组和1个对照组,2个试验组以20 mg·L-1和80 mg·L-1的呋喃西林溶液浸泡河蟹(扣蟹)60 min后,转移至饲养池塘中,并在给药后1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h、2 d、4 d、8 d、12 d、16 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d、80 d、100 d、120 d、150 d进行各组织取样分析。结果显示:在停药2 h时,2个浓度试验组河蟹的肌肉、肝胰腺和鳃中SEM均达到高峰,其中,20 mg·L-1试验组测定值分别为(152±21.7)、(234.0±12.0)、(3 160±169)μg·kg-1,80 mg·L-1试验组测定值分别为(327±31.2)、(372±27.2)、(4 623±247)μg·kg-1。停药2 h后,2个浓度试验组河蟹各组织中SEM均呈现不同的消除速率,其中20 mg·L-1试验组的消除速率分别为0.315μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肌肉)、0.487μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肝胰腺)和4.39μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(鳃);80 mg·L-1试验组的消除速率分别为0.454μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肌肉)、0.516μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肝胰腺)和6.43μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(鳃)。停药960 h后,2个浓度试验组各组织中SEM残留均低于判定限(1.0μg·kg-1)。  相似文献   

10.
丁香酚在罗非鱼体内的药物代谢动力学研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了解丁香酚在罗非鱼体内的代谢动力学特征,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测经丁香酚麻醉后苏醒的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)血浆、肝脏及肌肉中丁香酚的质量浓度变化。试验结果:采用30 mg/L丁香酚药浴后,罗非鱼血浆、肝和肌肉中的药时数据均符合非房室模型;丁香酚在罗非鱼血浆、肝脏和肌肉中的药代动力学参数显示,峰值浓度(Cmax)分别为8 257.52μg/m L、88.62μg/kg和73.78μg/kg,达峰时间(Tmax)分别为0.5、1和2 h,消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为11.267 3、75.616 1和24.147 4 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC0~∞)分别为83 738.054 3 h·μg/m L、1 466.467 7 h·μg/kg和1 131.101 7 h·μg/kg,0~∞平均滞留时间(MRT0~∞)分别为11.498 2、85.284 4和39.388 7 h,表观分布容积(Vz)分别为1.941 2m L/kg、743.903 0 kg/kg和307.994 9 kg/kg。结果表明,丁香酚在罗非鱼体内分布广泛、消除慢、停留时间长。本研究可为罗非鱼活体运输中麻醉剂的安全使用提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

14.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.  相似文献   

16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

17.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

18.
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19.
A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.  相似文献   

20.
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.  相似文献   

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