贺兰山野化牦牛秋季昼间行为时间分配和活动规律   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

董嘉鹏  刘振生  滕丽微  赵宠南  周恒伟  刘尊显 《经济动物学报》2013,17(2)

2010年9月15²5日,采用瞬时扫描法和所有事件取样法对贺兰山野化牦牛进行行为观察,建立了牦牛的行为谱,并将相关行为进行分类,即运动、摄食、休息、社群和其他行为。研究表明:牦牛秋季昼间行为的分配比例最高为运动行为(39.85±1.73)%,其次是摄食(33.33±2.50)%和休息(23.78±3.75)%行为,社群(0.99±0.27)%和其他(2.05±0.18)%较低。运动在8:0025日,采用瞬时扫描法和所有事件取样法对贺兰山野化牦牛进行行为观察,建立了牦牛的行为谱,并将相关行为进行分类,即运动、摄食、休息、社群和其他行为。研究表明:牦牛秋季昼间行为的分配比例最高为运动行为(39.85±1.73)%,其次是摄食(33.33±2.50)%和休息(23.78±3.75)%行为,社群(0.99±0.27)%和其他(2.05±0.18)%较低。运动在8:00¹0:00,14:0010:00,14:00¹6:00时有明显的高峰期,摄食高峰期出现在9:0016:00时有明显的高峰期,摄食高峰期出现在9:00¹0:00时和15:0010:00时和15:00¹6:00时,休息在12:0016:00时,休息在12:00¹3:00时出现高峰期。采用2个独立样本的Mann-WhitneyU检验对不同年龄的牦牛行为进行比较,年龄因素对牦牛运动、摄食、休息和其他行为影响不显著(P>0.05),但对社群行为影响显著(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

浅谈建筑工程预算存在的问题及对策分析     

郭杰 《林业科技情报》2013,(4):120-121

在实际建筑工程中,工程预算的作用是不可估量的。如：提高企业效益、加强企业效益和简化编制施工计划等,所以在实际建设工程中要加强管理。本文主要介绍建筑工程预算存在的问题及对策。  相似文献   

Do tillage and conversion of grassland to cropland always deplete soil organic carbon?     

Ikabongo Mukumbuta 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2020,66(1):76-83

ABSTRACT

Conversion of grassland to cropland is widely reported to deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) largely due to tillage effects on the decomposition of SOC. However, most studies report on long-term changes in SOC following the conversion and little is known about the changes in the short term. Net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) measures the difference between total C input (i.e., manure, above- and below-ground plant residues) and C loss through heterotrophic respiration (RH). However, most studies that report temporal SOC do not report other components of the NECB like RH, total C inputs and often do not include the cumulative annualized change of these components. This review evaluated the change in C input, RH, NECB and SOC after conversion of permanent/continuous grassland to cropland within 5 years after the conversion. We also reviewed and compared no-tillage and conventional tillage on SOC storage and accumulation. Total C input was higher in grassland than cropland largely due to high root biomass, as opposed to aboveground residue, and therefore grassland tended to have higher NECB. Despite higher NECB in grassland, the SOC stocks in cropland (cornfield) converted from grassland were greater than that in continuous grassland within first 2–3 years of conversion. The combination of manure C addition and tillage in cropland showed potential to maintain NECB and increase SOC. Within the continuous grassland C addition alone increased NECB but did not result in a corresponding increase in SOC. Residue retention and manure addition are recognized as good practices for increasing SOC, this study however, shows that combining them with occasional tillage, especially in managed grasslands, could increase the rate of SOC storage in soils.  相似文献   

成年黄山短尾猴春季昼间行为时间分配   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王贵林  尹华宝  余冠军  武梅梅 《野生动物》2008,29(1):6-10

2007年3～5月,采用焦点动物取样法对黄山野生猴谷YA1群黄山短尾猴成年个体行为时间分配进行系统观察.数据分析显示:黄山短尾猴成年个体日活动行为主要为休息(59.72%)、理毛(17.50%)和觅食(14.82%),其他行为如漫游(5.86%)、玩耍(0.04%)和其他(1.64%)时间花费较少,觅食高峰与投喂时间基本一致.老年组个体比成年组个体花费较多的时间用于休息(Z=-5.811,P＜0.01)和理毛(Z=-4.913,P＜0.01),较少时间漫游(Z=-3.989,P＜0.01).雄性个体花费较多时间休息(Z=-3.577,P＜0.01)而雌性个体花费大量时间进行理毛(Z=-3.134,P＜0.01).哺乳期雌性漫游行为(Z=-2.9541,P＜0.01)低于非哺乳期雌性个体,其他行为(Z=-2.9541,P＜0.01)明显高于非哺乳期雌性,而觅食行为(Z=-0.1773,P＞0.05)无显著差异性.结果表明人工投喂是导致其行为时间分配的主要原因.  相似文献   

盐度和饵料对中国对虾碳收支的影响_   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  

张硕 《水产学报》1999,23(2):144-149

通过内生长实验的方法测定了中国对虾在不同盐度下摄食日本刺沙蚕及盐度３１海水中摄食日本棘少蚕和配合饲料的碳收支。结果显示,盐度５－３５范围内,水温２５℃时,对虾的碳摄食量在盐度１３时达到最大为６１．６４;而最适生长的盐度条件为２０,此时的碳利用效率最高为２５．８４％,碳的特定生长率最大为３．８９％。  相似文献   

盐度对台湾红罗非鱼能量收支的影响   总被引：23，自引：4，他引：19  

雷思佳  叶世洲  李德尚  董双林 《华中农业大学学报》1999,18(3):256-259

在水温２８℃的条件下,不限量投喂颗粒饵料,测定了台湾红罗非鱼在淡水和盐度为７,１４,２、,２８和３５％的能量收支。结果表明;盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的特定生长率,转化效率和最大摄食率均有显著影响,盐度为１４‰时,特定生长率和转化效率均达到最高水平,分别为１．４３％和５１．８８％,此时,摄食率也达了大,每天为体重的２．７５％,盐度对吸收效率无显著影响,对物质,蛋白质和能量的吸收效率的平均值分别为６２．９８  相似文献   

Integrated assessment of catchment suspended sediment budgets: a Zambian example     

D. E. Walling  A. L. Collins  H. M. Sichingabula  G. J. L. Leeks 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2001,12(5):387-415

In many developing countries, the management of sediment‐related environmental problems is severely hampered by a lack of information on sediment mobilization and delivery in river basins. The sediment budget concept represents a valuable framework for assembling such information, which can, in turn, be used to assist with the design and implementation of soil erosion and sediment control policies. However, the information necessary to construct a catchment sediment budget is difficult to assemble. Against this background, an integrated approach to establishing a catchment suspended sediment budget, involving a river monitoring station, the use of ¹³⁷Cs measurements to estimate soil erosion and deposition and floodplain accumulation rates within the catchment, and sediment source fingerprinting, has been developed and tested in the 63 km² catchment of the upper Kaleya River in southern Zambia. The approach developed not only provides detailed information on individual components of the suspended sediment delivery system, but also permits the establishment of the overall catchment sediment budget. A sediment budget for the upper Kaleya catchment is presented and both its key features and its wider implications for catchment management are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

投喂频率对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、体成分组成和能量收支的影响          下载免费PDF全文

房景辉  刘相全  赵海峰  王圣  韦秀梅  冯艳微  刘义豪 《渔业科学进展》2014,35(5):55-60

在实验室条件下,对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)在不同投喂频率条件下的生长、体成分组成和能量收支进行研究。实验设置4个投喂频率处理,分别每天投喂1(F1组)、2(F2组)、3(F3组)、4(F4组)次,共进行40 d。结果表明,F3组和F4组的刺参生长最快,其末体重均显著大于F1组和F2组(P0.05)。投喂频率越高,刺参的摄食量越大,F4组摄食量越高,为3.67 g/(d·ind),F3组和F4组刺参的摄食量均显著高于F1组和F2组(P0.05),但F3组和F4组没有显著差异(P0.05)。饵料转化率随投喂频率的增加而增加。其中,F4组的饵料转化率最高,为9.70%,而消化率却随投喂频率的增加而降低。投喂频率对刺参主要体成分组成影响不大。从各处理的能量收支方程来看,F1组和F2组的粪能占摄食能的比例显著低于F3组和F4组(P0.05),但占摄食能的比例均超过了50%,其呼吸能占摄食能的比例显著高于F3组和F4组。本研究表明,室内养殖刺参每天投喂3次最佳,排泄能和呼吸能较高可能是导致F1组生长不佳的主要原因。  相似文献   

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget of a Haliotis discus hannai and Apostichopus japonicus polyculture system     

Xiaolong Gao  Mo Zhang  Xian Li  Fucun Wu  Ying Liu 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(4):1005-1019

The system nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) budget, N/P utilization rate and the physiological response mechanism of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai (body weight: 12.87 ± 0.82 g) and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (body weight: 10.85 ± 1.16 g) to different co‐culture environment conditions were examined. Animals were kept in a multilayer, cubic recirculating aquaculture system at different polyculture densities (abalones at 400 ind/m²in monoculture [Group C] and abalones at 400 ind/m²with sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² [AS1] or 20 ind/m² [AS2]). Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experimental cycle was 90 days. No significant difference in survival rate of abalones was detected when the stocking density of sea cucumbers increased from 10 to 20 ind/m², but the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water were significantly higher in AS2 than in AS1. Survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight of sea cucumbers and SGR of body weight of abalones were significantly lower in AS2 than in AS1. No significant difference in protease (PES), lipase, amylase and cellulase activities of abalones was identified between Group C and AS1, but the PES and amylase activities of abalones and sea cucumbers in AS1 were significantly higher than those in AS2. In AS1, the N/P output from harvesting of abalones and sea cucumbers and the N/P utilization rates were significantly higher than those in AS2. Although the N/P output from faeces was significantly lower in AS2 than in Group C and AS1, the N/P output from the water layer was significantly higher than that in AS1. The expression levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of both abalones and sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. No significant difference in expression of catalase (CAT) and HSP90of abalones was identified among these groups, but the expression levels of CAT and HSP90of sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. These results indicate that stocking sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² in the polyculture system will relieve the organic load on the system and improve the N/P utilization rate. It will also increase aquaculture production and improve the ecological and economic benefits of the system.  相似文献   

基于DEB理论的皱纹盘鲍个体生长模型参数的测定          下载免费PDF全文

段娇阳  刘慧  陈四清  蒋增杰  蔺凡  常丽荣  卢龙飞 《渔业科学进展》2020,41(5):110-117

为获取皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)个体生长模型所需的6个关键参数,设计了饥饿耗能、温度对耗氧的影响等相关生理实验,计算得到各项参数值。单位体积维持耗能率的值 、形成单位体积结构物质所需的能量值 、单位体积最大储存能量 和储备能量值 4个参数,通过连续测定皱纹盘鲍饥饿过程中呼吸耗氧率和软组织干重不断下降直至保持稳定时的能量值计算;温度函数中Arrhenius温度 的数值根据皱纹盘鲍在不同温度梯度下的单位干重耗氧率测定、计算;形状系数δm值通过统计测量的壳长、软组织湿重等生物学参数拟合回归得到。结果显示,皱纹盘鲍在饥饿后,呼吸耗氧率和软组织干重分别降低了26.3%和70.0%,呼吸耗氧率由2.69 mg/(ind.?h)逐渐降低并稳定在0.8 mg/(ind.?h),软组织干重由(5.21±0.89) g降低至(3.84±0.22) g;根据公式计算得 和 的值分别为20.18 J/(cm3?d)和8120 J/cm;皱纹盘鲍饥饿前后有机物含量分别为80%和58%,经过换算, 和 的值分别为2726 J/cm3和32583 J/g。不同规格的皱纹盘鲍在水温为5℃~20℃范围内,温度与单位干重耗氧率呈正比;当水温超过20℃之后,温度与单位干重耗氧率呈反比。在转折点20℃之前,单位干重耗氧率的ln值与温度(热力学温度,K)的倒数呈线性关系,线性回归方程斜率的绝对值为Arrhenius温度 值( =7196 K)。生物学统计分析鲍壳长(L)与体积(V)呈三次函数关系：V=0.0639 L3.1621(R²=0.9852),根据公式对软组织湿重的立方根与壳长进行线性回归,所得的斜率即为形状系数δm值(δm=0.43)。本研究对建立以DEB理论为指导的皱纹盘鲍个体生长模型提供了数据支撑。  相似文献