Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), fed hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mohammad Afzal Khan  Ahmad Khalil Jafri  & Narendra Kumar Chadha 《Aquaculture Research》2004,35(13):1277-1285

Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition were investigated in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennnes), fed hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels. Five experimental diets, with varying levels (20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%) of crude protein (CP), were used. One of the fish groups was fed hydrilla. Fish (44.1±0.3 cm; 913±9 g) were stocked (20 tank^?1) in outdoor concrete tanks (20 × 10 × 1.5 m) in duplicate, and fed to satiation, twice daily, at 09:00 and 17:00 hours for the experimental duration of 360 days. High (P<0.05) weight gain was recorded in fish fed 30% and 35% CP diets. However, values for gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg diameter, relative fecundity (eggs kg^?1 body weight), fertilizability and hatchability (%) were comparable (P>0.05) in fish at ≥25% of dietary protein intake. Hydrilla‐fed fish exhibited lower (P<0.05) values for the measured parameters. Crude protein content in muscle increased with dietary protein level. Highest (P<0.05) muscle protein was obtained in fish fed 35% CP diet. Muscle fat was comparable (P>0.05) among fish receiving formulated diets. Ash content was not significantly (P>0.05) different among fish of different dietary groups. Moisture content in fish fed formulated diets, with the exception of 20% CP diet, did not vary significantly (P>0.05). Eggs of fish fed formulated diets contained higher CP and fat contents than those of hydrilla‐fed fish. High (P<0.05) moisture content was noted in the eggs of hydrilla‐fed fish. Ctenopharyngodon idella fed formulated diet, with a minimum of 25% CP, showed better reproductive performance than those fed hydrilla.  相似文献   

Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

L.R. Martinez-Cordova  A. Campaña Torres  & M.A. Porchas-Cornejo 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2003,9(3):155-160

The effect of dietary protein level and natural food management on the production parameters of blue and white shrimp, as well as on water quality, was evaluated in a microcosms system (plastic pools simulating aquaculture ponds). Two experimental trials were carried out in the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, Northwest México. Treatment with low protein diet (LP) consisted of a low protein input (diet with 250 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the culture period; treatment with high protein diet (HP) consisted of a high protein input (diet with 400 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the trial, and finally treatment VP consisted of an adjustment of protein input (diets with 250, 350 or 400 g kg^?1 crude protein), depending on the abundance of biota (zooplankton and benthos) in the system. Each species responded differently to the treatments. For blue shrimp, low protein input resulted in the lowest final body weight (12.9 ± 0.6 g) and biomass (696.0 g pool^?1). Survival and feed conversion ratio were similar in the three treatments. For white shrimp, the best growth, biomass and food conversion ratio were obtained in the low protein input treatment. Water quality parameters such as nitrate, ammonia and organic matter during the two trials, were better for LP and VP treatments. White shrimp seems to have lower protein requirements than blue shrimp. For the blue shrimp culture, adjusting protein input according to natural food abundance (zooplankton and benthos) in the system, seems to be advantageous because of the possibility of getting a production similar to that obtained with a high protein input through the farming period, but at lower feed cost, and with a lower environmental impact. It is concluded that a high protein input through the whole farming period is not the best feeding strategy for any of the two species.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary lipid level and vegetable oil on fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) over the whole production cycle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D.R. Tocher  J.G. Bell  F. McGhee  J.R. Dick  J. Fonseca-Madrigal 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,29(3):193-209

Changes in fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) induced by vegetable oil (VO) replacement of fish oil (FO) and high dietary oil in aquaculture diets can have negative impacts on the nutritional quality of the product for the human consumer, including altered flesh fatty acid composition and lipid content. A dietary trial was designed to investigate the twin problems of FO replacement and high energy diets in salmon throughout the entire production cycle. Salmon were grown from first feeding to around 2 kg on diets in which FO was completely replaced by a 1:1 blend of linseed and rapeseed oils at low (14–17%) and high (25–35%) dietary oil levels. This paper reports specifically on the influence of diet on various aspects of fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acid compositions of liver, intestinal tissue and gill were altered by the diets with increased proportions of C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased proportions of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in fish fed VO compared to fish fed FO. HUFA synthesis in hepatocytes and enterocytes was significantly higher in fish fed VO, whereas β-oxidation was unaltered by either dietary oil content or type. Over the entire production cycle, HUFA synthesis in hepatocytes showed a decreasing trend with age interrupted by a large peak in activity at seawater transfer. Gill cell prostaglandin (PG) production showed a possible seasonal trend, with peak activities in winter and low activities in summer and at seawater transfer. PG production in seawater was lower in fish fed the high oil diets with the lowest PG production generally observed in fish fed high VO. The changes in fatty acid metabolism induced by high dietary oil and VO replacement contribute to altered flesh lipid content and fatty acid compositions, and so merit continued investigation to minimize any negative impacts that sustainable, environmentally-friendly and cost-effective aquaculture diets could have in the future. Abbreviations: FO - fish oil; HUFA - highly unsaturated fatty acids acids (carbon chain length ≥C ₂₀ with ≥3 double bonds); LO - linseed oil; RO - rapeseed oil; VO - vegetable oil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Ion levels in the gastrointestinal tract content and plasma of four teleosts with different feeding habits     

A.G. Becker  J.F. Gonçalves  L.O. Garcia  E.R. Behr  F.J.K. Mallmann  D.L. Graça  B. Baldisserotto 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2006,32(2):105-112

The levels of various ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺) in the fluid phase of the gastrointestinal contents and of the plasma were determined in four teleosts with different feeding habits: traira (Hoplias malabaricus), hassar (Hoplosternum littorale), silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The results showed that most ionic levels in the fluid phase of the gastrointestinal tract seem to be affected by feeding habit and that these levels can be different from those found in the plasma. In practical terms, these results suggest that ionic levels of the gastrointestinal contents should be considered when preparing solutions for studies of intestinal absorption in fishes.  相似文献   

Dietary lipid level affects fatty acid composition and hydrolase activities of intestinal brush border membrane in seabass   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C.L. Cahu  J.L. Zambonino Infante  G. Corraze  D. Coves 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2000,23(2):165-172

Triplicate groups of juvenile seabass (initial weight of 241 g) were fed during 13 weeks three isonitrogenous experimental diets containing different lipid levels, 12% (LL group), 21% (ML group) and 30% (HL group). At the end of the experiment, fish weight gain was similar among the 3 dietary groups. Intestinal brush border membranes were purified for each dietary group; one part of the brush border fraction was dedicated to enzyme assays, the remaining fraction being used for lipid extraction followed by fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid composition of the brush border membrane differed among the 3 groups, although the 3 experimental diets had the same fatty acid composition. The increase in dietary lipid level resulted in a lowering in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) paralleled with an increase in monounsaturated fatty acid. A significant reduction in the brush border enzyme activities, namely alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, -glutamyl transpeptidase and maltase, was also observed with the elevation of the dietary lipid level. The change in activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, which are membrane-bound proteins, could be attributed to the modification of fatty acid composition and fluidity of the brush border membranes (BBM). Such lowering in PUFA and increase in monounsaturated fatty acid in BBM, concomitant with a decline in membrane enzymatic activity, has been described as a malnutrition indicator in mammals. It raises the question of possible disorders of gut functions in fish fed increasing lipid levels.  相似文献   

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响     

樊艳华  孙海洲  桑丹  李胜利  张春华  珊丹 《动物营养学报》2014,(12):3666-3675

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。  相似文献   

马鞍列岛海洋特别保护区斑头六线鱼的摄食习性     

王凯  章守宇  汪振华  赵静  蒋日进 《上海海洋大学学报》2014,23(2):251-257

为了解马鞍列岛海洋特别保护区岩礁生境斑头六线鱼的摄食习性,基于2009年3月~2010年2月多网目组合刺网调查获取的252尾斑头六线鱼样本,研究了斑头六线鱼的饵料组成和摄食策略。结果表明斑头六线鱼主要摄食端足类的麦秆虫,是以麦秆虫为主食的狭食性鱼类。斑头六线鱼摄食种类随季节变化,春季、夏季和秋季主要摄食端足类,表现为狭食性的摄食特性,冬季主要摄食蟹类、腹足类和其他类,表现为广食性的摄食特性。  相似文献   

Effect of dietary astaxanthin rich yeast,Phaffia rhodozyma,on meat quality of broiler chickens     

Ganzaya Perenlei  Hitomi Tojo  Toru Okada  Masatoshi Kubota  Motoni Kadowaki  Shinobu Fujimura 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(10):895-903

We evaluated effects of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin (Ax)‐rich yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), on broiler chicken meat quality. Fourteen‐day‐old female Ross broilers were divided into three groups: control group, Ax‐free diet; Ax 10 group, 10 mg/kg Ax diet; and Ax 20 group, 20 mg/kg Ax diet for 28 days. At 42 days old, chickens were slaughtered, and then growth performance, meat quality and sensory attributes were analyzed. Compared with the control, a* values increased significantly after slaughter and 48 h postmortem for Ax 20 samples (P < 0.05) and for b* values in Ax 20 and Ax 10 groups (P < 0.05). Cooking loss decreased in the Ax 20 group (P < 0.05). After 120 h aging, contents of several free amino acids and total free amino acid content of Ax 20 group were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). In sensory evaluation, meat texture attributes improved significantly in the Ax 20 group (P < 0.01). No significant changes occurred in flavor attribute scores of meat soup from the Ax 20 group compared with the control even though most assessors preferred meat soup from the Ax 20 group. Overall, Ax‐rich yeast in the diet improves broiler chicken meat quality.  相似文献   

观察饲料添加剂二次蓄积对幼犬性激素水平的影响     

李惠  沈澎  卢大雷  徐丹  王卫杰 《现代畜牧兽医》2014,(11)

本试验旨在研究分析市场上正在广泛使用的饲料添加剂,探讨二次饲喂雄性幼犬后饲料添加剂蓄积对其生长、生殖发育的影响研究。选用12只1月龄犬,随机分为试验组和对照组,对照组犬饲喂正常日粮和大鼠鼠肉,试验组犬饲喂正常日粮和高剂量组大鼠鼠肉,喂养幼犬直至成熟,检测食用饲料添加剂高剂量组大鼠鼠肉是否对雄性犬的生长、生殖发育产生影响。采用酶联免疫试剂盒的方法来检测犬血清激素指标水平。结果显示：试验组雌二醇、促卵泡激素含量明显升高（P＜0.01）,而睾酮含量明显降低,有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,饲料添加剂高剂量组对犬血清中的促黄体生成未见显著变化。雄性幼犬食用试验大鼠后可导致雄性幼犬青春期体内内分泌激素含量异常,即青春期11月龄测定的雌二醇以及促卵泡激素水平增高,睾酮的水平降低。提示试验组雄性幼犬食用大鼠鼠肉后,可能通过干扰了睾丸轴的功能,对雄性幼犬的生殖发育能力产生影响。  相似文献   

Amino acid composition of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) and the prediction of dietary requirements for essential amino acids     

R. GURURE  J. ATKINSON  & R.D. MOCCIA 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2007,13(4):266-272

Embryo somatic tissues, non‐somatic yolk‐sac materials, and whole, individual fingerlings (age 0+) of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), as well as a commercial trout diet, were analysed for a wide spectrum of amino acids. Analytical material consisted of prefeeding swim‐up fry that were separated into discrete yolk sac and somatic embryo tissue samples. Amino acid concentrations in fry somatic tissue and whole fingerlings were generally very similar to each other, but were lower than those measured in yolk materials. Higher correlations were observed between the majority of specific amino acid concentrations in the trout diet when compared with fingerling data (r² = 0.91) and fry somatic tissue data (r² = 0.89), than when correlated with fry yolk sac material (r² = 0.76). These results indicate that the essential amino acid profiles of fry somatic tissue and whole fingerlings are closer to that of a commercial feed than they are to the endogenous profiles found in the embryonic yolk sac material itself. The dietary ratios of individual essential amino acids were also compared with the total essential amino acid concentrations (A/E ratios) in whole fingerling tissues, and these ratios could be used to accurately estimate the apparent essential amino acid requirements of Arctic charr. The rationale for using carcass amino acid composition data to estimate the dietary essential amino acid requirements of Arctic charr is discussed.  相似文献