Dietary plant protein utilization in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.     

A.-C. HANSEN  Ø. KARLSEN  G. ROSENLUND  M. RIMBACH  & G.-I. HEMRE 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2007,13(3):200-215

The present trials aimed to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with plant proteins in diets for cod, using a regression design where fish meal constituted the control. The plant protein diets were formulated to meet the amino acid requirements according to NRC (1993) and contained corn gluten meal, soybean meal, a mixture of these, or a mixture of wheat gluten meal and soybean concentrate. The plant protein fraction constituted up to 440 g kg⁻¹ of the extruded diet. Two feeding experiments were conducted, one at high (11 °C) and one at low (6.5 °C) temperature. High growth and feed utilization were obtained in all diet groups at both temperatures. However, only in Exp.1 (11 °C), growth and feed utilization were linearly reduced by increases in dietary soybean and corn gluten meal, while no such effect was detected in Exp.2 (6.5 °C). Reductions in protein retention were seen at both temperatures with use of all evaluated plant protein sources. Due to large amounts of plant protein ingredients in diet, differences in diet amino acid composition were seen. These were partly reflected in the muscle free amino acid pool. Dietary plant ingredients did not affect whole body, liver or muscle proximate compositions, or liver indices. In both experiments, blood parameters were within the range of earlier reported normal values and indicated, together with low mortality, good fish health status. The results show that there is high potential to use protein‐rich plant ingredients in diets for Atlantic cod.  相似文献   

不同脂肪源对施氏鲟幼鱼血清生化指标的影响   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

高露姣  施兆鸿  艾春香 《海洋渔业》2005,27(4):319-323

在饲料蛋白质水平和能量水平均能满足生长需要的基础上,以不同的油脂(添加水平均为6%)配制成6种试验饲料,投喂施氏鲟幼鱼7周,分析脂肪源对幼鱼血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)的含量和谷丙转氨酶活性(GPT)等生化指标的影响。结果显示:猪油组、葵花籽油组和氧化鱼油组幼鱼的TG和TC都高于鱼油组、混合油组,而其HDL-C、TC含量显著低于鱼油组、混合油组。表明猪油、葵花籽油和氧化鱼油都不利于鲟鱼的脂肪代谢;而鱼油能够调节和平衡鱼体内的脂肪代谢,降低体脂和肝脂的含量,有利于施氏鲟的健康生长。这与不同油脂具有不同的脂肪酸种类和比例有关。  相似文献   

Feeding ecology of fishes associated with Egeria spp. patches in a tropical reservoir, Brazil     

F. M. Pelicice  A. A. Agostinho 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2006,15(1):10-19

Abstract –  This research characterised feeding ecology of fishes associated with patches of Egeria najas and Egeria densa , two submerged macrophytes, in Rosana Reservoir, Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Fishes were sampled using a 1 m² throw trap in patches of different macrophyte biomass and in three diel periods during a wet season. Fish diet (10 species) was primarily composed of autochthonous items (zooplankton, algae and aquatic insect larvae). Almost all intra-specific diet patterns had moderate to low levels of diet similarity, indicating a high variability in diet. Some species showed no diel patterns in feeding activity, whereas others were primarily diurnal or nocturnal. No differences in feeding activity were observed among habitats of medium and high macrophyte biomasses, and species tended to feed on the same items among these habitats. The most abundant fish species demonstrated low inter-specific diet overlap and appear not to compete for food resources. We suggest that Egeria patches are feeding grounds and shelter for small-sized fish species.  相似文献   

Blood chemistry and organ nutrient composition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed graded amounts of wheat starch     

G.I. HEMRE  K. SANDNES  ø. LIE  R. WAAGBø 《Aquaculture Nutrition》1995,1(1):37-42

After feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., five graded amounts of wheat starch from 0 to 310 g kg^?1, low but increased levels of glycogen in kidney, heart and gills were determined. No variations were found in proximate or glycogen compositions of muscle, whereas the liver composition reflected the diet composition. Whole-body homogenates varied in dry matter and lipid levels; the variation was according to g lipid eaten per fish. Plasma glucose levels ranged above average levels only when the starch level in the feed was higher than 220 g kg^?1. Although feed intake and thereby lipid intake increased as dietary carbohydrate increased in the present experiment, no differences in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and only small changes in triglycerides were determined. The increase in dietary carbohydrate was balanced with protein, and total plasma protein concentrations followed the decrease in feed protein content. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin all showed significantly reduced levels as dietary starch increased, indicating a fibre effect from ‘left-over’ starch in the intestine followed by reduced absorption of divalent ions, such as iron.  相似文献   

Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), fed hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mohammad Afzal Khan  Ahmad Khalil Jafri  & Narendra Kumar Chadha 《Aquaculture Research》2004,35(13):1277-1285

Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition were investigated in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennnes), fed hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels. Five experimental diets, with varying levels (20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%) of crude protein (CP), were used. One of the fish groups was fed hydrilla. Fish (44.1±0.3 cm; 913±9 g) were stocked (20 tank^?1) in outdoor concrete tanks (20 × 10 × 1.5 m) in duplicate, and fed to satiation, twice daily, at 09:00 and 17:00 hours for the experimental duration of 360 days. High (P<0.05) weight gain was recorded in fish fed 30% and 35% CP diets. However, values for gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg diameter, relative fecundity (eggs kg^?1 body weight), fertilizability and hatchability (%) were comparable (P>0.05) in fish at ≥25% of dietary protein intake. Hydrilla‐fed fish exhibited lower (P<0.05) values for the measured parameters. Crude protein content in muscle increased with dietary protein level. Highest (P<0.05) muscle protein was obtained in fish fed 35% CP diet. Muscle fat was comparable (P>0.05) among fish receiving formulated diets. Ash content was not significantly (P>0.05) different among fish of different dietary groups. Moisture content in fish fed formulated diets, with the exception of 20% CP diet, did not vary significantly (P>0.05). Eggs of fish fed formulated diets contained higher CP and fat contents than those of hydrilla‐fed fish. High (P<0.05) moisture content was noted in the eggs of hydrilla‐fed fish. Ctenopharyngodon idella fed formulated diet, with a minimum of 25% CP, showed better reproductive performance than those fed hydrilla.  相似文献   

Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

L.R. Martinez-Cordova  A. Campaña Torres  & M.A. Porchas-Cornejo 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2003,9(3):155-160

The effect of dietary protein level and natural food management on the production parameters of blue and white shrimp, as well as on water quality, was evaluated in a microcosms system (plastic pools simulating aquaculture ponds). Two experimental trials were carried out in the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, Northwest México. Treatment with low protein diet (LP) consisted of a low protein input (diet with 250 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the culture period; treatment with high protein diet (HP) consisted of a high protein input (diet with 400 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the trial, and finally treatment VP consisted of an adjustment of protein input (diets with 250, 350 or 400 g kg^?1 crude protein), depending on the abundance of biota (zooplankton and benthos) in the system. Each species responded differently to the treatments. For blue shrimp, low protein input resulted in the lowest final body weight (12.9 ± 0.6 g) and biomass (696.0 g pool^?1). Survival and feed conversion ratio were similar in the three treatments. For white shrimp, the best growth, biomass and food conversion ratio were obtained in the low protein input treatment. Water quality parameters such as nitrate, ammonia and organic matter during the two trials, were better for LP and VP treatments. White shrimp seems to have lower protein requirements than blue shrimp. For the blue shrimp culture, adjusting protein input according to natural food abundance (zooplankton and benthos) in the system, seems to be advantageous because of the possibility of getting a production similar to that obtained with a high protein input through the farming period, but at lower feed cost, and with a lower environmental impact. It is concluded that a high protein input through the whole farming period is not the best feeding strategy for any of the two species.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary lipid level and vegetable oil on fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) over the whole production cycle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D.R. Tocher  J.G. Bell  F. McGhee  J.R. Dick  J. Fonseca-Madrigal 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,29(3):193-209

Changes in fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) induced by vegetable oil (VO) replacement of fish oil (FO) and high dietary oil in aquaculture diets can have negative impacts on the nutritional quality of the product for the human consumer, including altered flesh fatty acid composition and lipid content. A dietary trial was designed to investigate the twin problems of FO replacement and high energy diets in salmon throughout the entire production cycle. Salmon were grown from first feeding to around 2 kg on diets in which FO was completely replaced by a 1:1 blend of linseed and rapeseed oils at low (14–17%) and high (25–35%) dietary oil levels. This paper reports specifically on the influence of diet on various aspects of fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acid compositions of liver, intestinal tissue and gill were altered by the diets with increased proportions of C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased proportions of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in fish fed VO compared to fish fed FO. HUFA synthesis in hepatocytes and enterocytes was significantly higher in fish fed VO, whereas β-oxidation was unaltered by either dietary oil content or type. Over the entire production cycle, HUFA synthesis in hepatocytes showed a decreasing trend with age interrupted by a large peak in activity at seawater transfer. Gill cell prostaglandin (PG) production showed a possible seasonal trend, with peak activities in winter and low activities in summer and at seawater transfer. PG production in seawater was lower in fish fed the high oil diets with the lowest PG production generally observed in fish fed high VO. The changes in fatty acid metabolism induced by high dietary oil and VO replacement contribute to altered flesh lipid content and fatty acid compositions, and so merit continued investigation to minimize any negative impacts that sustainable, environmentally-friendly and cost-effective aquaculture diets could have in the future. Abbreviations: FO - fish oil; HUFA - highly unsaturated fatty acids acids (carbon chain length ≥C ₂₀ with ≥3 double bonds); LO - linseed oil; RO - rapeseed oil; VO - vegetable oil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Dietary lipid level affects fatty acid composition and hydrolase activities of intestinal brush border membrane in seabass   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C.L. Cahu  J.L. Zambonino Infante  G. Corraze  D. Coves 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2000,23(2):165-172

Triplicate groups of juvenile seabass (initial weight of 241 g) were fed during 13 weeks three isonitrogenous experimental diets containing different lipid levels, 12% (LL group), 21% (ML group) and 30% (HL group). At the end of the experiment, fish weight gain was similar among the 3 dietary groups. Intestinal brush border membranes were purified for each dietary group; one part of the brush border fraction was dedicated to enzyme assays, the remaining fraction being used for lipid extraction followed by fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid composition of the brush border membrane differed among the 3 groups, although the 3 experimental diets had the same fatty acid composition. The increase in dietary lipid level resulted in a lowering in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) paralleled with an increase in monounsaturated fatty acid. A significant reduction in the brush border enzyme activities, namely alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, -glutamyl transpeptidase and maltase, was also observed with the elevation of the dietary lipid level. The change in activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, which are membrane-bound proteins, could be attributed to the modification of fatty acid composition and fluidity of the brush border membranes (BBM). Such lowering in PUFA and increase in monounsaturated fatty acid in BBM, concomitant with a decline in membrane enzymatic activity, has been described as a malnutrition indicator in mammals. It raises the question of possible disorders of gut functions in fish fed increasing lipid levels.  相似文献   

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响     

樊艳华  孙海洲  桑丹  李胜利  张春华  珊丹 《动物营养学报》2014,(12):3666-3675

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。  相似文献   

马鞍列岛海洋特别保护区斑头六线鱼的摄食习性     

王凯  章守宇  汪振华  赵静  蒋日进 《上海海洋大学学报》2014,23(2):251-257

为了解马鞍列岛海洋特别保护区岩礁生境斑头六线鱼的摄食习性,基于2009年3月~2010年2月多网目组合刺网调查获取的252尾斑头六线鱼样本,研究了斑头六线鱼的饵料组成和摄食策略。结果表明斑头六线鱼主要摄食端足类的麦秆虫,是以麦秆虫为主食的狭食性鱼类。斑头六线鱼摄食种类随季节变化,春季、夏季和秋季主要摄食端足类,表现为狭食性的摄食特性,冬季主要摄食蟹类、腹足类和其他类,表现为广食性的摄食特性。  相似文献