大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓性能评估初步研究     

李灵智  黄洪亮  刘健  王磊  徐国栋  陈帅 《现代渔业信息》2012,27(4):310-315

利用2009～2010年我国大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓调查数据,对金枪鱼延绳钓钓具性能进行评估。结果表明:金枪鱼延绳钓具有较好的种类选择性,大眼金枪鱼渔获量和尾数分别占总渔获量的73.67%和76.00%;大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)未达到性成熟的渔获尾数比例分别为13.00%、25.97%和48.93%;1～6号钓钩,大眼金枪鱼上钩率随钓钩深度增加呈递增趋势,6～8号钓钩上钩率呈递减趋势,6号钓钩上钩率最大为9.46尾/千钩;3号至8号钓钩上钩率均大于7尾/千钩,表明1号和2号钓钩利用率偏低;根据钓钩理论深度,推测大眼金枪鱼主要分布水层为220m～350m。通过调节缩短率和浮子绳长度对钓具进行优化,使得钓钩分布水层与大眼金枪鱼分布水层更为接近,提高钓钩利用率。  相似文献   

Fisheries management scenarios: trade‐offs between economic and biological objectives     

C. D. Maravelias  M. Pantazi  F. Maynou 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2014,21(3):186-195

An age‐structured, population biology submodel and an economic submodel with vessel‐specific dynamics were applied to a demersal fishery in the North Aegean (NE Mediterranean) that consists of three main stocks: European hake Merluccius merluccius (L.), red mullet Mullus barbatus L. and striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus L. The Mefisto model is a bioeconomic simulation model through which the biological and economic submodels (disaggregated at the vessel level) are linked by means of a fishing mortality vector. Alternative management scenarios were built and tested based on input controls, and the performance of these strategies was examined against those of current policies. Three alternative management strategies were as follows: (1) reducing the coastal fisheries' fleet units; (2) limiting the effort level (days at sea) of the trawl fleets; and (3) changing the selectivity patterns of the trawl by increasing mesh size. The results show that for all three species, any of the three management measures (input controls) would be beneficial to both the stock and the fleets (over the medium and long terms) compared with the projections over time for the status quo. Improving the selectivity of the fishing gear proved to be more beneficial than limiting nominal effort, which was in turn more beneficial than decreasing coastal fleet size.  相似文献   

Tailoring codend mesh size to improve the size selectivity of undifferentiated trawl species     

D. E. Hunt  D. L. Maynard  T. F. Gaston 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2014,21(6):503-508

Tiger flathead, Neoplatycephalus richardsoni (Castelnau), and sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier, are undifferentiated and managed with a common legal minimum length (LML). The Commonwealth Trawl Sector (CTS) and the Tasmanian Danish‐seine fishery (TDSF) use a minimum codend mesh sizes of 90 and 70 mm, respectively. The codend mesh size should be tailored to the LML, which is based on the length of first maturity of females (M₅₀). This study found the length–girth relationship of N. richardsoni and P. bassensis was not significantly different. Using the covered codend method, these two species had 50% retention lengths (L₅₀) of 294 ± 2 and 307 ± 3 mm, in 70‐mm and 90‐mm codends, respectively. L₅₀ estimates for mesh sizes from this study and others produced a curvilinear relationship: y = 120 ln(x) ? 214, with an r² of 0.8504. The size at maturity (M₅₀) for female N. richardsoni was 337 mm, which is larger than the estimate for female P. bassensis (247 mm). There is a mismatch between the estimates of L_50, the estimates of M₅₀ and the LMLs in each fishery, leading to suboptimal exploitation of female Platycephalus. The model produced in this paper recommends a codend mesh size of 98 mm for both fisheries to exploit Platycephalus species sustainably.  相似文献   

小麦籽粒营养物质和次生物质含量与其对玉米象抗性的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

韩宪琪  李雪娇  冯淑娟  成卫宁  朱克岩 《植物保护学报》2017,44(5):721-728

为明确生产栽培小麦品种对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)的抗性机制,采用选择性和非选择性试验法系统评估了9个小麦品种对玉米象的抗性,并分析了小麦籽粒营养物质和次生物质含量与其抗性的关系。结果显示,不同小麦品种对玉米象的抗性存在显著差异,其中陕麦139和西农88的不选择性和抗生性较弱,小偃22、周麦16和周麦11较强;玉米象成虫对西农165选择性最强,虫口数为152.00头,而卵至子代成虫发育历期最长,为35.06 d,子代成虫数、重量损失率和敏感系数均较低,分别为19.67头、5.37%和8.30;对周麦18选择性最差,敏感性居中。玉米象成虫对不同小麦品种的选择性与各物质含量,以及总酚、蛋白质含量与各抗性指标均无显著相关性,但阿魏酸含量与子代成虫数、敏感系数及重量损失率显著负相关;可溶性糖含量与子代成虫数、敏感系数及重量损失率显著正相关,与卵至子代成虫发育历期显著负相关。表明小麦品种对玉米象的抗生性与其籽粒中阿魏酸和可溶性糖含量相关,阿魏酸含量越高、可溶性糖含量越低,小麦对玉米象的抗性越强。  相似文献   

砖茶氟浸出的试验研究     

胡燕  魏晓惠  高荣  郭浩 《安徽农业科学》2010,38(2):916-917,971

[目的]探讨影响砖茶氟浸出的因子。[方法]利用氟离子选择电极法,研究不同的茶水比[1：（25～200）]、浸提次数、浸提时间（5～60min）、TISAB中柠檬酸钠的浓度（60、180、240g）、茶叶粒度（过20、40、60目）等条件对砖茶氟浸出的影响。[结果]茶水比越小,砖茶氟浸出量越高;第一泡茶汤的氟浸出量最高,占6泡总浸出量的72．5％,第2泡茶汤次之,占总浸出量的17．2％;低浓度的柠檬酸钠对砖茶样品中干扰离子的掩蔽效果较差,以浓度为120g／L时的测定效果好;氟的浸出率随着浸提时间的延长而增加,一般在30min时趋于稳定;茶叶粒度越小,越有利于茶氟的浸出。[结论]茶水比、浸提次数、浸提时间、粒度、TISAB中柠檬酸钠的浓度等因素均对茶氟的浸出有明显影响。  相似文献   

Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to post-emergence applications of topramezone     

Thomas K. Gitsopoulos  Vasilios Melidis  Georgios Evgenidis 《Crop Protection》2010

Topramezone is a new herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf and grass weeds in maize. Two field experiments were conducted in northern Greece in 2008 and 2009 to determine the response of grain maize to topramezone applied with the adjuvant DASH at 2–4, 4–6 and 6–8 maize leaf stage. In both years, plant height, cob number and yield were not differently affected with the use of herbicide at these growth stages, indicating no difference in selectivity and a similar response of maize to the three post-emergence applications of topramezone. Slight injury symptoms of leaf bleaching were observed in the second year, however, they were transient with no lasting injury on maize growth.  相似文献   

不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用     

李超  程登发  郭文超  刘怀  张云慧  孙京瑞 《勤云标准版测试》2013,33(8):2410-2415

随着马铃薯甲虫不断扩展其分布范围,其对寄主的适应性也在发生变化.在我国,马铃薯甲虫的主要寄主植物是马铃薯、茄子、番茄和天仙子.为进一步明确马铃薯甲虫对不同寄主植物的嗜食程度,研究了以上4种寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用,以及取食量的影响,同时进行了田间寄主选择性的调查.选择性试验结果表明:不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用差异显著,其中马铃薯、天仙子引诱作用显著高于茄子和番茄;取食量研究结果表明:马铃薯甲虫各龄期对不同寄主24 h取食量的大小依次为:马铃薯＞茄子＞天仙子＞番茄;1-2龄幼虫取食量小,3-4龄幼虫及成虫暴食寄主叶片,是马铃薯甲虫造成危害的主要阶段.  相似文献   

Calcium-Ammonium Selectivity of Two Benchmark Soils from Botswana as Assessed by Competing Semi-empirical Ion Exchange Equations     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(21):2757-2773

The effectiveness of lime-ammonium-nitrate (LAN) as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer in weathered soils depends on the respective selectivity for ammonium (NH₄) and calcium (Ca) by the soils. The study assessed Ca²⁺/NH₄⁺ exchange selectivity of two benchmark soils from Botswana and examined the soil fertility management implications. Surface horizons (0–20 cm) of Pellustert and Haplustalf were equilibrated with 50 ml stock solution containing variable concentrations of Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺. The Ca²⁺/NH₄⁺ exchange data were fitted into the Vanselow (K_V), Gaines and Thomas (K_GT), Davies (K_D), and the regular solution (K_RS) equations. The selectivity coefficients for the Ca²⁺/NH₄⁺ exchange reactions varied widely with the soil exchanger composition except for the relatively stable K_RS. The selectivity coefficients indicated strong preference for NH₄⁺ to Ca²⁺. The thermodynamic exchange constant, K_ex, was 5.75 ± 1.24 in the Pellustert, indicating preferential adsorption of NH₄⁺, but not in the Haplustalf with K_ex = 0.92 ± 0.27. The free energy for Ca²⁺/NH₄⁺ exchange (ΔG°_ex) was negative (?4.26 ± 0.59 kJ mol^?1) in the Pellustert but slightly positive in the Haplustalf (0.34 ± 0.87 kJ mol^?1). In conclusion, the soil-NH₄ complex was more stable than soil-Ca complex in the Pellustert, indicating LAN as a N fertilizer would have greater potential effectiveness in the Pellustert than in the Haplustalf.  相似文献   

盐胁迫对油葵种子萌发和幼苗生长及离子吸收、分布的效应   总被引：21，自引：2，他引：21  

郑青松  陈刚  刘玲  刘兆普  徐文君 《中国油料作物学报》2005,27(1):60-64

研究了100～300mmol/L NaCl胁迫对油葵种子萌发、幼苗生长及其离子吸收、分布的效应.结果表明,油葵在种子萌发出苗阶段表现较强的耐盐性.100～300mmol/L NaCl胁迫对油葵萌发的影响主要表现为推迟出苗、不影响出苗率.但100～300mmol/L NaCl处理均显著抑制幼苗生长,干物质积累速率下降.Na 主要积累在茎秆、根部,叶片中较少.Cl-主要积累于茎秆和叶柄,叶片和根系中较少.盐胁迫下叶片、叶柄中K 含量显著增加,根系吸收SK,Na、叶柄和叶片运输TSK,Na均显著上升,表明油葵在离子吸收和向上运输过程中,对K 具有较强的选择性,这是油葵具有较强耐盐性的主要原因.  相似文献   

Salt effects on growth and mineral contents of Diplachne fusca (Kallar grass)     

A. Saeed Bhatti  G. Sarwar  J. Wieneke  M. Tahir 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(3):239-254

Effects of NaCl, KC1, and CaCl₂ alone, and in combinations of NaCl/KCl and NaCl/CaCl₂ on growth and ion uptake by ‘Kallar'grass in soil and in solution cultures were studied. In soil up to 150 mM NaCl and KCl had little effect on growth but CaCl₂ depressed growth strongly. Dry weights in 150 mM NaCl/KCl decreased but remained little affected in NaCl/CaCl₂. Plant response to Na⁺ was little affected by Ca⁺⁺ or K⁺ and no interactions between Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ or Na⁺ and K⁺ were observed. Plant tissue exhibited a strong selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺ Concentrations of Na and Cl in the tops exceeded those in the roots. Leaf transections are presented providing some information on the tissue anatomy.  相似文献