Effect of successive cuttings on uptake and partitioning of 15N among plant parts of Leucaena leucocephala     

N. Sanginga  F. Zapata  S. K. A. Danso  G. D. Bowen 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,9(1):37-42

Summary We studied the effect of three successive cuttings on N uptake and fixation and N distribution in Leucaena leucocephala. Two isolines, uninoculated or inoculated with three different Rhizobium strains, were grown for 36 weeks and cut every 12 weeks. The soil was labelled with 50 ppm KNO₃ enriched with 10 atom % ¹⁵N excess soon after the first cutting. Except for the atom % ¹⁵N excess in branches of K28 at the second cutting, both the L. leucocephala isolines showed similar patterns of total N, fixed N₂, and N from fertilizer distribution in different parts of the plant at each cutting. The Rhizobium strain did not influence the partitioning of ¹⁵N among the different plant parts. Significant differences in ¹⁵N enrichment occurred in different parts. Live nodules of both isolines showed the lowest atom % ¹⁵N excess values (0.087), followed by leaves (0.492), branches (0.552), stems (0.591), and roots (0.857). The roots contained about 60% of the total plant N and about 70% of the total N derived from fertilizer over the successive cuttings. The total N₂ fixed in the roots was about 60% of that fixed in the whole plant, while the shoots contained only 20% of the fixed N₂. We conclude that N reserves in roots and nodules constitute another N source that must be taken into account when estimating fixed N₂ or the N balance after pruning or cutting plants. ¹⁵N enrichment declined up to about fivefold in the reference and the N₂-fixing plants over 24 weeks following the ¹⁵N application. The proportion and the amounts of N derived from fertilizer decreased, while the amount derived from N₂ fixation increased with time although its proportion remained constant.  相似文献   

Impact of atmospheric CO₂ and plant life forms on soil microbial activities     

Gilles Pinay  Patricia Barbera  Nathalie Fromin  Marie Madeleine Couteaux  Laurent Philippot 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(1):33-42

From the global change perspective, increase of atmospheric CO₂ and land cover transformation are among the major impacts caused by human activities. In this study, we are addressing the combined issues of the effect of CO₂ concentration increase and plant type on soil microbial activities by asking how annual and perennial plant groups affect soil microbial processes under elevated CO₂. The experimental design used a mix of species of different growth forms for both annuals and perennials. Our objective was: (1) to determine how two years of annual or perennial plant cover and CO₂ enrichment could affect Mediterranean soil microbial processes; (2) to test the resistance and the resilience of these soil functional processes after a natural perturbation. We determined the effects of 2 years atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on soil potential respiration (SIR), denitrification (DEA) and nitrification (NEA) activities. We could not find any significant effect of CO₂ increase on SIR, DEA and NEA. However, we found a strong effect of the plant cover type, i.e. annuals versus perennials, on the potential microbial activity related to N cycling. DEA and NEA were significantly higher in soil under annual plants while SIR was not significantly different. To determine whether these changes would survive a natural perturbation, we carried out a rain event experiment once the experimental treatments (i.e. different plant cover and atmospheric CO₂ concentration) were stopped. The soil potential respiration, as expressed by the SIR, was not affected and remained stable. DEA rates converged rapidly under annuals and perennials after the rain event. Under both annuals and perennials NEA increased significantly after the rain event but remained significantly higher in the soil with annual plants. The relative change of the soil microbial processes induced by annual and perennial plants was inversely related to the density and the diversity of the corresponding microbial functional groups.  相似文献   

Relative importance of motility and antibiosis in the rhizoplane competence of a biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens MelRC2Rif     

K. Toyota  K. Ikeda 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1997,25(4):416-420

Mutants defective in motility or antibiotics production were obtained by Tn5 mutagenesis of a biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens MelRC2Rif (wt). Tomato or melon seeds were co-inoculated with a Tn5 mutant and wt in a 1:1 ratio and then grown in soil for 10 days. There was no change in ratios of Tn5 mutants defective in antibiosis to wt in the process of rhizoplane colonization, suggesting little contribution of in vitro antibiosis to the rhizoplane competence of P. fluorescens MelRC2Rif. Similar results were also obtained when seeds treated with bacteria were planted in soil artificially infested with fungal pathogens. In contrast, ratios of Tn5 mutants defective in motility to wt significantly decreased, suggesting the contribution of motility to the rhizoplane competence of this bacterium. When a non-motile Tn5 mutant and wt were co-inoculated into soil at a matric potential of pF 2.3 (–20 kPa) and plants were then grown, there was no change in the ratio in rhizoplane colonization, suggesting that motility might have a role in the movement along roots but an insignificant role in the movement from bulk soil towards roots. When they were co-inoculated into 0.2% water agar (WA) instead of soil, a remarkable decline in ratios was detected. Thus it was soil structure that hindered the efficiency of motility. Time course enumeration of rhizoplane colonization of tomatoes grown in WA revealed that motility was an important means of movement towards and/or along roots rather than the multiplication on roots. Received: 8 July 1996  相似文献   

中药有效成分对小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育的作用     

高建明  孙玉成  陈武  于同泉  穆祥  杨柳  路萍 《广西农业生物科学》2006,25(Z1):203-204

如何获得更多具有活力的可操作的桑椹胚、囊胚一直是胚胎体外培养的研究热点。近二十年来,虽经采用改进培养液成分、改善培养条件、建立体细胞与胚胎共培养体系和添加生长因子、细胞因子等手段,胚胎质量有所提高,但体外受精卵的囊胚发育率仍远低于体内受精,与体内受精囊胚相比,体外受精囊胚的细胞总数和内细胞团细胞数量明显减少,胚胎移植妊娠率和产仔率较低,这些问题均严重影响了胚胎工厂化生产和胚胎产业化的发展,以及育种工作的进程。因此,探索开辟胚胎体外培养生长发育的新途径,提高其发育率和移植妊娠率显得尤为必要。目前,国内外有关中草药有效成分对体外胚胎发育作用的研究甚少。本研究以ICR小鼠2-细胞胚胎为试验材料,将中药有效成分黄芩苷(Baicalin,Bai)、川芎嗪(Ligustrazine,Lig)和小檗碱(Berberine,BR)添加于mCZB基础液中,并以添加双抗的mCZB基础液为试验对照组,比较其对胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明,体外培养120 h的胚胎孵化率,Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)及BR组(75.9%)极显著高于对照组(51.8%)(P<0.01)。孵化胚胎细胞计数,BR组、Lig组和Bai组(分别为87.2±8.6、83.9±7.7和81.9±6.2),与对照组(77.4±5.6)差异极显著(P<0.01)。说明3种中药有效成分均能显著促进小鼠早期胚胎的体外发育及胚胎细胞增殖。为进一步探讨Bai、Lig、BR对胚胎体外培养发育的效果和验证其胚胎质量,将不同组别培养至桑椹、囊胚期的胚胎进行两种程序常规冷冻,解冻后继续培养,观察其冷冻效果,并将各组解冻后发育至囊胚期胚胎移植。结果表明:冷冻解冻桑椹胚体外培养8~14 h囊胚发育率,程序一中Bai组(65.8%)和Lig组(81.1%)分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)地高于对照组(48.6%)和BR组(46.7%);程序二中Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)极显著高于对照组(55.2%)和BR组(47.6%)(P<0.01)。冷冻解冻囊胚体外培养6~8 h囊胚发育率,程序一中各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);程序二中,中药有效成分各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两种冷冻程序效果差异不显著(P>0.05)。移植妊娠率和产仔率,Bai组(56.3%,63.3%)、Lig组(52.6%,67.3%)和BR组(55.0%,60.5%)均高于对照组(46.2%,52.8%)。说明3种中药有效成分对于提高小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育质量具有一定促进作用,并有利于提高冷冻解冻后移植胚胎的发育潜力。  相似文献   

Effect of nitrogen levels and Rhizobium strains on symbiotic N2 fixation and grain yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes in normal and saline-sodic soils     

Raman Rai 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1992,14(4):293-299

Summary Following screening, selection, characterization, and symbiotic N₂ fixation with 12,5, 25.0, and 40.0 mg N kg^–1 in normal and saline-sodic soils, only two Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes (HUR 137 and VL 63) and two Rhizobium spp. strains (ND 1 and ND 2) produced maximum nodulation, nitrogenase activity, plant N contents, and grain yields in saline-sodic soil, with 12.5 mg N kg^–1, compared with the other strains. However, interactions between strains (USDA 2689, USDA 2674, and ND 5) and genotypes (PDR 14, HUR 15, and HUR 138) were significant and resulted in more nodulation, and greater plant N contents, nitrogenase activity, and grain yields in normal soils with 12.5 mg N kg^–1 compared with salt-tolerant strains. Higher levels of N inhibited nodulation and nitrogenase activity without affecting grain yields. To achieve high crop yields from saline-sodic and normal soils in the plains area, simultaneous selection of favourably interacting symbionts is necessary for N economy, so that bean yields can be increased by the application of an active symbiotic system.  相似文献   

Short-term effects of clearfelling on soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O fluxes in a Sitka spruce plantation     

Argyro Zerva 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(11):2025-2036

We examined the effects of forest clearfelling on the fluxes of soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O in a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plantation on an organic-rich peaty gley soil, in Northern England. Soil CO₂, CH₄, N₂O as well as environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content, and depth to the water table were recorded in two mature stands for one growing season, at the end of which one of the two stands was felled and one was left as control. Monitoring of the same parameters continued thereafter for a second growing season. For the first 10 months after clearfelling, there was a significant decrease in soil CO₂ efflux, with an average efflux rate of 4.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in the mature stand (40-year) and 2.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in clearfelled site (CF). Clearfelling turned the soil from a sink (−0.37 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) for CH₄ to a net source (2.01 mg m⁻² d⁻¹). For the same period, soil N₂O fluxes averaged 0.57 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the CF and 0.23 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the 40-year stand. Clearfelling affected environmental factors and lead to higher daily soil temperatures during the summer period, while it caused an increase in the soil water content and a rise in the water table depth. Despite clearfelling, CO₂ remained the dominant greenhouse gas in terms of its greenhouse warming potential.  相似文献   

Evidence of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emission and gaseous nitrogen losses through nitrification-denitrification induced by rice plants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)     

Wu-zhong?NiEmail author  Zhao-liang?Zhu 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,40(3):211-214

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a specially designed apparatus consisting of an upper and lower chamber where the treatment with rice was carried out (treatment 1). The apparatus also had a single chamber where treatment 2, without rice plants, was carried out. The scope of this study was to elucidate the influence of rice plant growth on gaseous N losses as N₂ and N₂O produced by nitrification-denitrification in a flooded soil fertilized with (NH₄)₂SO₄ (with 56.50 atom% ¹⁵N). Gas samples were withdrawn weekly and analyzed for (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses by mass spectrometer and for N₂O by gas chromatograph. The gaseous (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses of the treatment with rice plants were significantly (P =0.01) higher than those of the treatment without rice plants, as were the amounts of N₂O emitted. Rice plants facilitate the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from soil to atmosphere, as about half of the total gaseous ¹⁵N loss as N₂ and N₂O was found in the upper chamber. The proportion of N₂O-¹⁵N to (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N in the upper chamber was 10.56%, much higher than that of the lower chamber in treatment 1 and the headspace of treatment 2.  相似文献   

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Guangmin Cao  Wenhong Mo  Yingnian Li 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2004,36(2):237-243

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.  相似文献   

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment     

Yongsong Zhang  Xianyong Lin  Wilfried Werner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2004,167(1):66-71

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.  相似文献   

Gross fluxes of nitrogen in grassland soil exposed to elevated atmospheric pCO₂ for seven years     

Michael RichterUeli A. Hartwig  Emmanuel FrossardJosef Nösberger  Georg Cadisch 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(10):1325-1335

Plant response to increasing atmospheric CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) depends on several factors, one of which is mineral nitrogen availability facilitated by the mineralisation of organic N. Gross rates of N mineralisation were examined in grassland soils exposed to ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric pCO₂ for 7 years in the Swiss Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experiment. It was hypothesized that increased below-ground translocation of photoassimilates at elevated pCO₂ would lead to an increase in immobilisation of N due to an excess supply of energy to the roots and rhizosphere. Intact soil cores were sampled from Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens swards in May and September, 2000. The rates of gross N mineralisation (m) and NH₄⁺ consumption (c) were determined using ¹⁵N isotopic dilution during a 51-h period of incubation. The rates of N immobilisation were estimated either as the difference between m and the net N mineralisation rate or as the amount of ¹⁵N released from the microbial biomass after chloroform fumigation. Soil samples from both swards showed that the rates of gross N mineralisation and NH₄⁺ consumption did not change significantly under elevated pCO₂. The lack of a significant effect of elevated pCO₂ on organic N turnover was consistent with the similar size of the microbial biomass and similar immobilisation of applied ¹⁵N in the microbial N pool under ambient and elevated pCO₂. Rates of m and c, and microbial ¹⁵N did not differ significantly between the two sward types although a weak (p<0.1) pCO₂ by sward interaction occurred. A significantly larger amount of NO₃⁻ was recovered at the end of the incubation in soil taken from T. repens swards compared to that from L. perenne swards. Eleven percent of the added ¹⁵N were recovered in the roots in the cores sampled under L. perenne, while only 5% were recovered in roots of T. repens. These results demonstrate that roots remained a considerable sink despite the shoots being cut at ground level prior to incubation and suggest that the calculation of N immobilisation from gross and net rates of mineralisation in soils with a high root biomass does not reflect the actual immobilisation of N in the microbial biomass. The results of this study did not support the initial hypothesis and indicate that below-ground turnover of N, as well as N availability, measured in short-term experiments are not strongly affected by long-term exposure to elevated pCO₂. It is suggested that differences in plant N demand, rather than major changes in soil N mineralisation/immobilisation, are the long-term driving factors for N dynamics in these grassland systems.  相似文献