Biologische Pflanzenschutzverfahren bei Zierpflanzen in Gartenbaubetrieben in Westfalen-Lippe     

Jörg Klatt  Holger Nennmann 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2002,54(3-4):111-118

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Effects of grazing and rainfall variability on root and shoot decomposition in a semi-arid grassland     

Marcus Giese  Ying Zhi Gao  Ying Zhao  Qingmin Pan  Shan Lin  Stephan Peth  Holger Brueck 《Applied soil ecology》2009,41(1):8-18

Overgrazing increasingly affects large areas of Inner Mongolian semi-arid grasslands. Consequences for ecosystem functions and, in particular, for the decomposition as a key process of ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling are still unclear.We studied the effects of grazing on shoot and root decomposition with the litter bag method in a long-term grazing exclosure (UG79), a moderate winter grazed (WG) and a long-term heavily grazed site (HG). We separated the effects of local environmental factors and litter quality as altered by grazing. Growing seasons of average and very low precipitation allowed us to study the effect of inter annual rainfall variability on decomposition.Grazing-induced differences in environmental factors of the three studied grassland sites had no effect on decay rates of shoot and root dry mass. Also differences in litter quality among the grazing sites were not reflected by root decomposition dynamics. The accelerated shoot decay at site HG could not clearly be linked to litter quality parameters. Shoot decay rates were more or less constant, even under very dry conditions. This indicates the possibility of photodegradation (solar UV-B radiation) to control aboveground decomposition in this semi-arid ecosystem. By selecting the best predictors of root decomposition from regression analysis, we found that soil water content was the best parameter explaining the dynamics.Net N immobilization was generally not detected during the decay process of shoot and root. It is likely, when root decomposition is strongly reduced in dry periods, shoot decomposition becomes relatively more important for nutrient cycling. A separate analysis of shoot and root decay dynamics is required in order to describe C and N cycling in this semi-arid grassland. The grazing impact on C and N fluxes through decomposition of plant material likely exhibits a strong interaction with seasonal rainfall pattern.  相似文献   

甘蓝型油菜―萝卜附加系中萝卜染色体的(dp)RAPD标记     

丁云花  BUDAHN Holger  简元才  PETERKA Herbert 《园艺学报》2007,34(3):767-770

在已掌握甘蓝型油菜―萝卜附加系染色体构成,并构建萝卜分子连锁图谱的基础上,以甘蓝型油菜―萝卜附加系为材料,利用(dp)RAPD分子标记技术,筛选附加系中外源萝卜9条染色体(A～I)的分子标记,为进一步研究萝卜染色体与连锁群对应关系奠定基础.试验筛选了576个随机引物(组合),有413个能从附加系中扩增出萝卜染色体的(dp)RAPD标记,平均有效引物(组合)占71.7%,其中RAPD反应有效引物率67.7%,dpRAPD反应有效引物率73.2%.试验共得到899个萝卜染色体(dp)RAPD标记,包括354个RAPD标记和545个dpRAPD标记,覆盖萝卜整个基因组的全部9条染色体,不同染色体的标记数目变化范围在41～160,其中最多的是染色体C,最少的是染色体I.  相似文献   

A non-destructive approach for assessing decay in preservative treated wood     

L.?MachekEmail author  M.-L.?Edlund  R.?Sierra-Alvarez  H.?Militz 《Wood Science and Technology》2004,37(5):411-417

This study investigated the suitability of the non-destructive vibration-impulse excitation technique to assess the attack of preservative-treated wood in contact with the ground. Small stakes (10×5×100 mm³) of treated and untreated Scots pine sapwood were exposed to decay in laboratory-scale terrestrial ecosystems. Different soils were used to prove the influence of different types of wood destroying micro-organisms. Wood decay was monitored periodically for one year by determining mass losses and changes in dynamic modulus of elasticity. The results show a large variability in resistance against attacking fungi, depending on wood preservative and soil type. The non-destructive approach using the dynamic modulus of elasticity proved to be a good and sensitive tool for assessing the attack of stakes in laboratory soil testing.  相似文献   

The use of an acoustic technique to assess wood decay in laboratory soil-bed tests     

L. Machek  H. Militz  R. Sierra-Alvarez 《Wood Science and Technology》2001,34(6):467-472

This study assesses the changes in elastic behaviour (i.e. modulus of elasticity – MOE) and mass loss of different hardwood and softwood species exposed to decay in laboratory soil-bed tests. Elasticity moduli were determined using conventional static methods as well as a dynamic method based on flexural vibration. The results obtained show a high correlation between dynamic and static bending measurements for all the timber species tested at different stages of fungal decay. Furthermore, the non-destructive MOE assessment proved to be a good tool for the early detection of wood decay. Received 5 January 1999  相似文献   

Comparison of chitosans with different molecular weights as possible wood preservatives     

Morten Eikenes  Gry Alfredsen  Bjørn Erik Christensen  Holger Militz  Halvor Solheim 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(4):387-394

Fungi cause serious problems in wood utilization, and environmentally benign wood protection is required as an alternative to traditional chemicals. Chitosan has shown promising antimicrobial properties against several microorganisms. In this study, we present the characterization of and antifungal properties of a commercial chitosan formulation developed for impregnation of wood. A broad range of chemical and mycological methods were used to evaluate the uptake, fixation, and antifungal properties of chitosan for wood preservation. The results show that the higher the uptake of chitosan the lower the relative recovery of chitosan in wood after leaching, and the higher the molecular weight of chitosan the higher the recovery. Chitosan with high molecular weight proved to be more efficient against decay fungi than chitosan with low molecular weight. The fungi tested on chitosan-amended nutrient agar medium were totally inhibited at 1% (w/v) concentration. In decay studies using small wood blocks, 4.8% (w/v) chitosan concentration gave the best protection against brown rot fungi.  相似文献   

Combined effect of wood moisture content,drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance measurements in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)     

Evgenii Sharapov  Christian Brischke  Holger Militz  Elena Smirnova 《Wood material science & engineering》2020,15(4):198-204

ABSTRACT

An IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the combined effect of wood moisture content (MC), drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance (DR) and feeding force (FF). Tests were made with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) conditioned in a normal climate (20°C/65% RH), at 20°C/95% RH, vacuum-pressure impregnated in water, and oven-dried. Rotational speeds and feed rates had an impact on feed rate per cutting edge for the major cutting edge of the drill bit which was used for correlation with DR and FF for various MC. Impact of MC on DR and FF depended on rotational speeds and feed rates of the drill bit. For feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.09?mm, DR was higher for water saturated (WS) specimens. Negligible differences between DR for various MC were found for feed rates per cutting edge between 0.09 and 0.15?mm. DR was higher at low MC for feed rates per cutting edge which were higher than 0.15?mm. FF extremely increased in conditioned (20°C/95% RH) and WS specimens at feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.1?mm.  相似文献   

Critical discussion of perpendicular to grain tension testing of structural timber – case study on the European hardwoods ash,beech and maple     

Philipp Schlotzhauer  Alexander Ehrmann  Susanne Bollmus  Holger Militz 《Wood material science & engineering》2020,15(5):278-288

ABSTRACT

Knowledge about perpendicular to grain tension behavior of wood is essential, since in construction tension stresses perpendicular to grain cannot be avoided completely. Especially for hardwoods, the data basis is scarce. EN 338 design values are with 0.6 N/mm² characteristic strength set very low. The US-American National Design Specifications even set this value to zero and make local reinforcements mandatory. This paper compares strength and stiffness values attained with newly-designed, little, prismatic specimens and EN 408 structural timber specimens to evaluate the current European design values. Little specimen’s characteristic strength values range from 7.2 to 10.6?N/mm² and are assumed to be real material properties. EN 408 specimen values are with approximately 4.0?N/mm² lower. These lower values are mainly due to stress peaks introduced by the force introduction. Strength values attained for the medium-dense European hardwoods beech, ash and maple exceed EN 338 design values by a factor of six to seven. Adaptation of the EN 338 design value is not recommended, though. The abundance of influencing factors makes clear that the design value and the ensuing design code have to be synchronized carefully by tedious testing in order to make use of the perpendicular to grain tension strength potential of the selected hardwoods.  相似文献   

Wood modification with alkoxysilanes   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Steffen?Donath  Holger?Militz  Carsten?MaiEmail author 《Wood Science and Technology》2004,38(7):555-566

Wood was treated with three different alkoxysilanes which are able to undergo a sol–gel process: tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), methyl triethoxysilane (MTES) and propyl triethoxysilane (PTEO). Two types of treatments were compared: impregnation of fibre saturated wood with monomeric silane solutions, and impregnation with pre-hydrolysed partly oligomeric silanes. Wood properties such as cell wall bulking, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), moisture uptake and durability were more significantly improved in samples treated with monomeric silanes than in samples treated with oligomeric silanes. SEM-EDX mapping showed that this treatment resulted in a higher degree of silicon incorporation into the cell wall, although the weight percent gain (WPG) was lower compared to the treatment with pre-hydrolysed partly oligomeric silanes. The resistance against soil micro-organisms was enhanced in the initial phase of incubation especially in those samples treated with organo-functional-alkoxysilanes. In miniaturised block tests with the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor, an improved durability was observed within the test period. During an air conditioning step, a weight loss of the treated samples occurred which was accompanied by a reduction in bulking and ASE. The initial reduction of moisture uptake observed after treatment diminished almost completely. This effect was explained by an ageing of the gels in the wood cell wall which is a consequence of uncompleted hydrolysis and condensation of the silanes during the treatment.  相似文献   

Performance of the Biocontrol Fungus Piriformospora indica on Wheat Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions     

Serfling A  Wirsel SG  Lind V  Deising HB 《Phytopathology》2007,97(4):523-531

ABSTRACT The endophyte Piriformospora indica colonizes roots of a range of host plants and increases biomass production and resistance to fungal pathogens and, thus has been considered a biocontrol fungus. However, the field performance of this fungus has not yet been tested in temperate climates. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of this fungus in different substrata under greenhouse and practical field conditions. Roots of winter wheat were colonized efficiently, and biomass was particularly increased on poor substrata. In greenhouse experiments, symptom severity of a typical leaf (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici), stem base (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides), and root (Fusarium culmorum) pathogen was reduced significantly. However, in field experiments, symptoms caused by the leaf pathogen did not differ in Piriformospora indica-colonized compared with control plants. In the field, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides disease severity was significantly reduced in plants colonized by the endophyte. Increased numbers of sheath layers and hydrogen peroxide concentrations after B. graminis attack were detected in Piriformospora indica-colonized plants, suggesting that root colonization causes induction of systemic resistance or priming of the host plant. Although the endophyte is not well suited for growth at Central European temperature conditions, it remains to be shown whether P. indica is more suitable for tropical or subtropical farming.  相似文献