Survey of equine castration techniques,preferences and outcomes among Australian veterinarians          下载免费PDF全文

CD Owens  KJ Hughes  BJ Hilbert  J Heller  S Nielsen  GD Trope 《Australian veterinary journal》2018,96(1-2):39-45

Objectives

(1) To collect the perceptions of veterinarians performing equine castrations in Australia on techniques, preferences and outcomes, (2) to investigate veterinarian use and experience with the Henderson castrating instrument and (3) to investigate potential associations between demographics, castration methods and techniques, and complications.

Design

Online survey of members of the Australian Veterinary Association’s Special Interest Group, Equine Veterinarians Australia (EVA).

Methods

A link to the survey was included in the EVA e‐newsletter and practices on the EVA website were contacted by telephone and follow‐up email. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine associations between ligation and complications. A generalised linear model with a negative binomial family was used to determine associations between count response variables and categorical independent variables.

Results

Responses were obtained from 138 veterinarians (response rate, 13.1%) who performed 5330 castrations over 12 months. Castrations were most commonly performed in the field, on anaesthetised horses, using emasculators, via an open approach and without ligation of the spermatic cord. Estimated complications after use of emasculators were swelling (25%), haemorrhage (5%) and infection (5%). The Henderson instrument was used by approximately 10% of respondents and its use for castration was associated with fewer reports of postoperative swelling compared with emasculators (P = 0.002). Rates of evisceration with the Henderson and emasculator methods were comparable (0.43% and 0.9%, respectively).

Conclusion

Castration preferences varied widely among survey participants. Reported complication types and rates were comparable to those reported previously in other countries. Perceptions that the Henderson instrument was associated with less swelling should be investigated further via a prospective controlled investigation.  相似文献   

Factors affecting development of Septoria tritici in winter wheat and its effect on yield     

M. R. THOMAS  R. J. COOK  J. E KING 《Plant pathology》1989,38(2):246-257

Severe infection with Septoria tritici occurred in four of five experiments designed to create a series of different disease epidemics. These experiments successfully identified periods suitable for infection. They also indicated the effect of sprays, timed before and after these periods, on disease development and yield.
Analysis of disease progress and weather records suggested that critical conditions for initial development of S. tritici occurred during early May at four sites. Heavy rain giving at least 10 mm on 1 day or a total of 10 mm or more on 2 or 3 successive days occurred at all four sites prior to the appearance of symptoms on a particular leaf layer, though less heavy rain may suffice to splash inoculum onto upper leaves in shorter, immature canopies where stem elongation is incomplete. At the fifth site, infection occurred later in May and disease failed to develop to a significant degree. At all sites, the length of the incubation period on any of the top three leaves was found to be between 396 and 496 degree days.
Control of winter epidemics of S. tritici had little effect on yield, whereas spray sequences commencing later than growth stage (GS) 31 but immediately prior to the critical periods provided the best disease control and yield benefit. Regression models incorporating, as independent variables, area under the S. tritici disease progress curve for any of the top three leaves from their emergence (GS 32-37) satisfactorily explained yield loss at the four sites where disease was severe. Consideration of leaf 2 or leaf 3 alone accounted for more than 82% of the variance at each site and a yield loss from infection of leaf 2 related to thermal time is suggested as 0.00265% per C per day from the appearance of symptoms.  相似文献   

Control of Glomerella cingulata f.sp. camelliae with fungicides     

R. T. A. COOK 《Plant pathology》1989,38(4):514-519

A critical test of fungicidal activity against the wound pathogen Glomerella cingulata f.sp. camelliae on camellias involved the application of a conidial suspension to scratches on detached leaves, treated with fungicide 24 h previously. In this test, prochloraz at 250–500 μg/ml a.i. in both EC and manganese WP formulations was highly effective, inhibiting leaf rotting by 90–100% compared with 55% or less in some tests with benomyl, chlorothalonil and captafol at 500–1000 μg/ml and captan at 1200 μg/ml. Prochloraz gave similar protection to leaves when applied to whole plants. Protection was less, especially on older leaves, when wounding and inoculating were delayed by 7 or more days after treatment. Prochloraz did not prevent all infection through comparatively large wounds, e.g. leaf scars, made on stems 24 h after treatment.
Poor control of the disease in a nursery was not due to resistance of the pathogen to benomyl; in vitro tests failed to detect full resistance at this time. Under nursery conditions a statutory policy of destroying infected plants and spraying the remainder with prochloraz or prochloraz manganese (both at 500 μg/ml), alternating with benomyl (500 μg/ml) on a weekly basis apparently prevented spread of the disease to healthy plants.  相似文献   

Influence of site factors on yield response of winter wheat to fungicide programmes in England and Wales, 1979–1987     

R. J. COOK  M. R. THOMAS 《Plant pathology》1990,39(3):548-557

Results of 460 field experiments between 1979 and 1987 incorporating one, two and three fungicide sprays, with a range of active ingredients, were analysed according to site factors including previous crop, sowing date and geographical area. The average untreated yield was 7–48 t/ha, although this fluctuated widely from 6 15 t/ha in 1985 to 9 411 ha in 1984. A single spray at flag-leaf emergence gave an average yield increment of 0 59 t/ha over plots receiving no fungicide. The addition of a second spray at the first-node growth stage gave an extra benefit of 0.22 t/ha, while an additional third spray at ear emergence gave a further 0.28t/ha. The effects on yield of different spray timings were modified by other factors, of which sowing date and previous crop were most important to the first-node spray, and cultivar and geographical area to the ear emergence spray. The data suggest that all crops would benefit economically from a broad-spectrum fungicide applied at flag-leaf emergence. Additionally, crops sown in September, those following winter wheat and those in regions bordering the North Sea respond well at the first-node stage to a fungicide active against eyespot.  相似文献   

Powdery mildews on borage (Borago officinalis) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)     

T. M. O'NEILL  P. GLADDERS  R. T. A. COOK 《Plant pathology》1991,40(3):478-479

The powdery mildews Erysiphe cynoglossi and E. howeana, causing disease on borage (Borago officinalis) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), respectively, are reported for the first time in Britain.  相似文献   

Clasterosporium flexum (T. Matsush.) comb. nov. on dying cuttings of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana in UK     

B. C. SUTTON  R. T. A. COOK  C. E. SANSFORD† 《Plant pathology》1994,43(6):1066-1071

A dematiaceous fungus forming a network of hyphopodiate hyphae over foliage of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana cuttings dying under mist propagation has been identified as Clasterosporium flexum (T. Matsush.) comb. nov. The concept of the genus Clasterosporium in relation to the genera Sporidesmium and Ceratophorum is discussed.  相似文献   

Codiaeum rust     

G. H. BOEREMA  R. T. A. COOK  J. S. W. DICKENS  A. PISI†  M. G. BELLARDI†  J. E. M. MORDUE‡ 《Plant pathology》1994,43(6):1072-1079

A rust affecting Codiaeum variegatum ('Croton', Euphorbiaceae) imported into the UK from Ivory Coast in 1978 was originally identified as Aecidium codiaei H. Sydow. However, studies on germination of spores, pathogenicity tests and examinations of sori under light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the rust belonged to the tribe Pucciniosireae (a diverse group of mostly tropical microcyclic rust genera characterised by their stages being telescoped into aecidioid telia). Attention was drawn to the transfer of this Aecidium species to Dietelia (a member of the Pucciniosireae) following imports of the disease into the Netherlands from Ghana in 1978. Dietelia codiaei (H. Sydow) Boerema was subsequently confirmed as the causal agent of Codiaeum rust on recent imports into the UK and Italy. It is believed to be distinct from D. emasculata recorded on Breynia , another euphorbiaceous host.  相似文献   

Japanese pear black spot and apple alternaria blotch     

J. S. W. DICKENS  R. T. A. COOK 《EPPO Bulletin》1995,25(4):651-659

The pathogenicity and taxonomy of 15 isolates of Alternaria spp. from pear and apple were compared. Only isolates from Asian pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) from Italy and Korea were virulent on leaves and young fruits of the susceptible Asian pear cv. Nijisseiki. Their conidial morphology was typical of A. gaisen (= A. kikuchiana ). Only isolates of A. mali from USA were virulent on susceptible American apple cvs Indo and Red Gold. No virulence was demonstrated in any isolate/host combination among isolates from stem infections of Asian and European pear ( Pyrus communis ), leaf spots of European apple, and ripe fruit rots of Chinese pear ( Pyrus ussuriensis ), European pear and apple. These non-virulent isolates could be readily distinguished from A. gaisen and A. mali by their pattern of branching of conidial chains, the branching associated with A. alternata sensu stricto being most common among non-virulent isolates. This limited survey implies that A. gaisen is only virulent to Asian pear and the toxigenic form of A. mali to certain American apple cultivars; also that A. gaisen is not established outside eastern Asia or the toxigenic form of A. mali outside eastern Asia and parts of USA.  相似文献   

A possible mechanism for the selective herbicidal activity of iodide in relation to thiocyanate content     

N. H. STEPHEN  G. T. COOK  H. J. DUNCAN 《Weed Research》1979,19(6):395-398

In an in vivo study, the rate of iodide oxidation by horseradish peroxidase was found to be reduced by the addition of ammonium thiocyanate to the system. The seleetive herbicidal activity of sodium iodide towards dwarf bean, pea, kale and cabbage was tested while the poicnlial ihioeyanale conteni of these platits was measured, A good relationship between inereasmg thiocyanale content and inereasing resistance to iodide was observed.  相似文献   

The face of conservation responding to a dynamically changing world          下载免费PDF全文

Ruscena WIEDERHOLT  Anne M. TRAINOR  Nicole MICHEL  Patrick D. SHIREY  Ronald R. SWAISGOOD  Doug TALLAMY  Susan C. COOK‐PATTON 《Integrative zoology》2015,10(5):436-452

In its 40‐year history, the science of conservation has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of environmental damage and rapid global change, and environmental problems are only increasing as greater demands are placed on limited natural resources. Conservation science has been adapting to keep pace with these changes. Here, we highlight contemporary and emerging trends and innovations in conservation science that we believe represent the most effective responses to biodiversity threats. We focus on specific areas where conservation science has had to adjust its approach to address emerging threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction and degradation, climate change, declining populations and invasive species. We also document changes in attitudes, norms and practices among conservation scientists. A key component to success is engaging and maintaining public support for conservation, which can be facilitated through the use of technology. These recent trends in conservation and management are innovative and will assist in optimizing conservation strategies, increasing our leverage with the general public and tackling our current environmental challenges.  相似文献