The re-emergence of indigenous forest in an urban environment, Christchurch, New Zealand   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Glenn H. Stewart  Maria E. Ignatieva  Colin D. Meurk  Richard D. Earl 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2004,2(3):149-158

Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand is a planned city on a coastal plain on the east coast of the South Island. The birth of the city and the subsequent century of development was characterised by colonial values and tree and garden planting with familiar European species along with those from Australia, North America, and eventually all other continents. The image of an “English garden city” with classical parks of oaks and willow-lined rivers became the accepted norm and the way in which the city has been promoted to potential tourists. Gardening is one of the top two recreational activities and exotic species greatly outnumber native species in the flora and in gardens. This has had serious consequences for the highly fragmented and degraded indigenous vegetation and its co-adapted wildlife. A few hardy indigenous species continued to regenerate through this period, but since the 1970s, there has been a progressive change of attitude and interest in reclaiming the natural heritage of the city, manifest in widespread private and public planting of indigenous species and active habitat restoration. In this article we examine the indigenous and exotic shrub and tree components of the Christchurch flora as planted street trees, in domestic gardens, and in parks. We also present data on shrub and tree regeneration in parks and domestic gardens in the city. Indications are that the more sensitive, less intrusive management of urban environments, combined with the greater density of indigenous seed sources, has allowed regeneration of a wide range of indigenous species across a broad spectrum of habitats – from neglected gardens to pavement cracks to exotic plantations. This is despite the competition from the prodigious seed banks and density of exotic trees, shrubs, and ground covers and albeit minimal impacts of introduced browsing and seed eating mammals. If the present trends continue through appropriate management and facilitation, these tentative signs of native forest regeneration should eventually proliferate into a sustainable mixed origin urban forest that resurrects and preserves the natural character of the region.  相似文献   

Preliminary results of an anticircumsporozoite DNA vaccine trial for protection against avian malaria in captive African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus).     

K Christiana Grim  Thomas McCutchan  Jun Li  Margery Sullivan  Thaddeus K Graczyk  Glenn McConkey  Michael Cranfield 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2004,35(2):154-161

Captive juvenile African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) housed in an outdoor enclosure at the Baltimore Zoo have an average 50% mortality from avian malarial (Plasmodium sp.) infection each year without intense monitoring for disease and chemotherapeutic intervention. During the 1996 malaria transmission season, the safety and efficacy of an anti-circumsporozoite (CSP) DNA vaccine encoding the Plasmodium gallinaceum CSP protein against P. relictum were studied. The goal was to reduce clinical disease and death without initiating sterile immunity after release into an area with stable, endemic avian malaria. The birds were monitored for adverse clinical signs associated with vaccination, the stimulation of an anti-CSP antibody response, and protection afforded by the vaccine. The presence of P. relictum in trapped culicine mosquitoes within the penguin enclosure was monitored to assess parasite pressure. Among the vaccinated penguins, the parasitemia rate dropped from approximately 50% to approximately 17% despite intense parasite pressure, as determined by mosquito infection rate. During the year of the vaccine trial, no mortalities due to malaria occurred and no undesirable vaccination side effects occurred. This is the first trial of an antimalarial vaccine in a captive penguin colony.  相似文献   

A comparison of single and multiple stressor protocols to assess acute stress in a coastal shark species,Rhizoprionodon terraenovae     

Eric R. Hoffmayer  Jill M. Hendon  Glenn R. Parsons  William B. Driggers III  Matthew D. Campbell 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2015,41(5):1253-1260

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Experiences of recent veterinary graduates in their first employment position and their preferences for new graduate support programmes     

MC Gates  I McLachlan  S Butler  JF Weston 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2020,68(4):214-224

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Experimental Neospora Caninum Infection in Pregnant Dairy Heifers Raises Concentrations of Pregnancy‐Associated Glycoproteins 1 and 2 in Foetal Fluids          下载免费PDF全文

R Mur‐Novales  F López‐Gatius  B Serrano‐Pérez  I García‐Ispierto  L Darwich  O Cabezón  NM de Sousa  JF Beckers  S Almería 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(2):282-286

Plasma concentrations of PAG‐1 are used for pregnancy diagnosis and as a marker of placental/foetal well‐being, while those of PAG‐2 may be an indicator of abortion risk in Neospora caninum‐infected cows. Studies have shown that N. caninum infection modifies PAG‐1 and PAG‐2 patterns in maternal blood plasma. However, no prior work has examined the effects of N. caninum infection on concentrations of PAGs in foetal fluids. In this study, PAG‐1, PAG‐2 and pH levels were determined in the amniotic and allantoic fluids of foetuses collected at 152 days of gestation from control uninfected dams and from dams experimentally infected with N. caninum on Day 110 of gestation. Foetal fluids from infected foetuses had significantly higher PAG‐2 concentrations (p = 0.026) and pH values (p = 0.02) than fluids from non‐infected foetuses. In infected foetuses, significantly higher concentrations of PAG‐1 (p < 0.001) and PAG‐2 (p < 0.001) were detected in fluid samples showing antibodies against N. caninum than those without antibodies. Moreover, pH values were significantly higher (p = 0.011) in foetal fluid samples with antibodies than in samples from non‐infected foetuses. In conclusion, this is the first report on the effect of N. caninum infection on PAG levels in foetal fluids. Our results indicate that following the experimental infection of dams with N. caninum on Day 110 of gestation, foetal fluids collected from the infected foetuses of these dams featured higher PAG‐1 and PAG‐2 levels and pH values than fluids from non‐infected controls, provided that the samples tested showed the presence of antibodies. The clinical implications of these findings are that following infection with N. caninum, most cows will experience some level of placental damage and that this injury correlates with foetal fluid PAG levels and pH.  相似文献   

Characterization of multidrug resistant Salmonella recovered from diseased animals     

Zhao S  McDermott PF  White DG  Qaiyumi S  Friedman SL  Abbott JW  Glenn A  Ayers SL  Post KW  Fales WH  Wilson RB  Reggiardo C  Walker RD 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,123(1-3):122-132

Three hundred and eighty Salmonella isolates recovered from animal diagnostic samples obtained from four state veterinary diagnostic laboratories (AZ, NC, MO, and TN) between 2002 and 2003 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities and further characterized for bla(CMY) beta-lactamase genes, class 1 integrons and genetic relatedness using PFGE. Forty-seven serovars were identified, the most common being S. Typhimurium (26%), S. Heidelberg (9%), S, Dublin (8%), S. Newport (8%), S. Derby (7%), and S. Choleraesuis (7%). Three hundred and thirteen (82%) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 265 (70%) to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (78%), followed by streptomycin (73%), sulfamethoxazole (68%), and ampicillin (54%), and to a lesser extent chloramphenicol (37%), kanamycin (37%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20%), and ceftiofur (17%). With regards to animal of origin, swine Salmonella isolates displayed the highest rate of resistance, being resistant to at least one antimicrobial (92%), followed by those recovered from turkey (91%), cattle (77%), chicken (68%), and equine (20%). Serovars commonly showing multidrug resistance (MDR) to > or =9 antimicrobials were S. Uganda (100%), S. Agona (79%), and S. Newport (62%), compared to S. Heidelberg (11%) and S. Typhimurium (7%). Class-1 integrons were detected in 43% of all isolates, and were found to contain aadA, aadB, dhfr, cmlA and sat1 gene cassettes alone or in various combinations. All ceftiofur resistant isolates (n=66) carried the bla(CMY) beta-lactamase gene. A total of 230 PFGE patterns were generated among the 380 isolates tested using XbaI, indicating extensive genetic diversity across recovered Salmonella serovars, however, several MDR clones were repeatedly recovered from different diseased animals.  相似文献   

Isolation and characterisation of biologically-active compounds from some plant extracts     

Glenn S. Peterson  Mohamed A. Kandil  Mounir D. Abdallah  Abdel-aal A. Farag 《Pest management science》1989,25(4):337-342

Of the numerous fractions obtained from the crude plant extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Conyza dioscordisis and Convolvulus arvensis, 11 were found to be active against stored grain pests. The chemical structures of compounds present in the 11 fractions were found by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to include predominantly long-chain fatty acid esters of hexadecanoic, arachidonic, and octadecanoic acids.  相似文献   

Some fluorine-containing pheromone analogues     

Geoffrey G. Briggs  George R. Cayley  Glenn W. Dawson  David C. Griffiths  Ewen D. M. Macaulay  John A. Pickett  Mary M. Pile  Lester J. Wadhams  Christine M. Woodcock 《Pest management science》1986,17(4):441-448

Two analogues of the aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene, a trifluorofarnesene and a difluoro-1-norfarnesene, were found to be highly active and were more readily detectable than the parent compound. For (Z)-hexadec-11-enal, a component of some lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones, replacement of the carbonyl oxygen with a difluoromethyl group to give a difluoroheptadecadiene resulted in loss of activity. A trifluoroacetoxyhexadecanolide was a more volatile analogue of the mosquito oviposition pheromone (?)-(5R,6S)-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide and was highly active.  相似文献   

Effect of the Type and Number of Prostaglandin Treatments on Corpus Luteum, the Largest Follicle and Progesterone Concentration in Dairy Cows     

A Répási  JF Beckers  J Sulon  A Karen  J Reiczigel  O Szenci 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(5):436-442

Lactating dairy cows (n = 72) with a mature corpus luteum (CL) (diameter of > or = 17 mm) determined by ultrasonography and having a follicle with a diameter of > or = 10 mm were randomly assigned to four groups. Cows were treated with cloprostenol i.m. once or twice, or with dinoprost i.m. once or twice with an 8-h interval. The ovaries of each cow were scanned daily by transrectal ultrasonography to measure the changes in the areas of CL and the largest follicle and to determine the occurrence of ovulation. Oestrus was verified twice daily. In addition, blood sample was withdrawn from each cow daily for measuring progesterone (P4) concentrations. Significant decreases in the percentage changes relative to areas of CL and P4 concentrations or increases in the percentage changes in the area of the largest follicle on day 0 were detected in each group during the experiment. However, the type of the drug and the number of the treatments had no significant effect on those parameters. Cows ovulated with or without showing oestrus (group A) and cows exhibiting no oestrus and ovulation (group B) were also evaluated. In contrast to the mean area of the CL and the mean concentration of P4 on day 0, the mean area of the largest follicles between the two groups on day 0 differed significantly. Significant decreases in the percentage changes relative to the area of the CL and P4 concentration or increases in the percentage changes relative to the area of the largest follicle during the experiment were detected in both groups; however, there were no group differences. Treatment of dairy cows with two injections of prostaglandins (cloprostenol or dinoprost) at an 8-h interval resulted in more cows being observed in oestrus within 5 days after treatment and having significantly higher pregnancy rate than those treated with a single prostaglandin injection.  相似文献   

Metal chelate molluscicides: The redistribution of iron diazaalkanolates from the gut lumen of the slug,Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) (Pulmonata: Limacidae)     

Suzanne J. Clark  Nicola P. Coward  Glenn W. Dawson  Ian F. Henderson  Andrew P. Martin 《Pest management science》1995,44(4):381-388

Two related iron chelates, one toxic to slugs by ingestion, the other not, were introduced into the foregut of D. reticulatum. The subsequent movement and redistribution of the metal within the slug tissues was studied by labelling the chelates with the radioactive isotope ⁵⁵Fe. In slugs which survived treatment approximately half of the ⁵⁵Fe was voided in faeces. The iron retained became unevenly distributed, the highest concentration occurring in the digestive gland, irrespective of the chelate used. At high doses, slugs treated with tris(1-oxo-1,2-diazabutan-2-oxido)Fe(III) were fatally poisoned while those treated with the homologue, tris(1-oxo-1,2-diazaoctan-2-oxido)Fe(III) were not. Slugs killed by the toxic chelate consistently contained proportionally less iron in the digestive gland and proportionally more in the body wall and reproductive system. Dosing slugs already killed by carbon dioxide asphyxiation gave a similar pattern, suggesting that the greater mobility of the iron from the toxic chelate was not a function of the slugs' metabolism.  相似文献