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1.
Abdelwahab SI Hassan LE Sirat HM Yagi SM Koko WS Mohan S Taha MM Ahmad S Chuen CS Narrima P Rais MM Hadi AH 《Fitoterapia》2011,82(8):1190-1197
The in vivo and in vitro mechanistic anti-inflammatory actions of cucurbitacin E (CE) (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) were examined. The results showed that LPS/INF-γ increased NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas L-NAME and CE curtailed it. CE did not reveal any cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 and WRL-68 cells. CE inhibited both COX enzymes with more selectivity toward COX-2. Intraperitoneal injection of CE significantly suppressed carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema. ORAC and FRAP assays showed that CE is not a potent ROS scavenger. It could be concluded that CE is potentially useful in treating inflammation through the inhibition of COX and RNS but not ROS. 相似文献
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Testing of the critical section between the load points in four-point bending testing is required according to [DIN EN 384:2010–08, Structural Timber – Determination of Characteristic Values of Mechanical Properties and Density (Brussels European Committee for Standardization)]. However, strength grading machines based on measurements of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) benefit as the strength of the weakest section is not always measured when deriving settings. According to the current procedure for derivation of settings, violation of the critical section requirement is accepted. The extent of such violation and its impact on grading settings of strength classes are quantified in two ways using about 3500 recently tested specimens of Norway spruce: empirically and modelled. The results show that for strength grading machines based on MOEdyn, the settings would be higher if the weakest section was always placed between the inner load points. The current procedure, however, leads to lower settings and hence better yields in practice. The settings for machines based on MOEdyn are up to more than 20% higher if the lowest bending strength of the entire board is applied. To treat different grading principles equally, a correction factor for settings of MOEdyn-based grading machines should be introduced – especially for lower strength classes. A simplified factor between 1.00 and 1.20 for standardization is recommended. 相似文献
3.
Andreas Rais Enrico Ursella Enrico Vicario Federico Giudiceandrea 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(2):28
Key message
Industrial computed tomography scanning of logs provides detailed information on timber quality prior to sawing. A sawing simulation—considering log rotation angle and knot size accuracy—revealed an average value increase of up to 20% for the best angle compared to the conventional horns-up position.Context
Computed tomography (CT) scanning has the potential to improve the value of products sawn from logs and meets the increasing demands of the wood industry for detailed information on log quality prior to processing.Aims
In a validation step, automated measurements of knot cluster variable DAB (DIN 4074-1:2012-06) using CT were compared with manual measurements. In a second optimization step, the hypothesis that the value of the sawn products is increased by sawing at the best rotation angle as opposed to the horns-up position was tested.Methods
A sample of 36 Douglas-fir logs were scanned in an industrial CT scanner, and sawn into boards. Knots on the boards were manually measured, and compared with the corresponding knots on virtual boards created from the CT data. The error of the DAB was measured by comparing CT data to manual measurements. An optimized sawing simulation was performed, using the measured DAB error to account for CT measurement errors, as well as a rotational error to account for errors in the log turning equipment. Using the results of the sawing simulation, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to show the potential and benefit of an industrial CT scanner.Results
The three largest DABs measured by the CT showed good correlation to the measurements on the manual boards. The simulation revealed an average increase of value from 4 to 20% compared to the conventional horns-up position depending on the relative price differences between the strength grades.Conclusion
By using a CT scanner to optimize sawing, sawmill owners can process logs in a better way to produce final products with increased added value.4.
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6.
Ahmad Danial Azzahari Rosiyah Yahya Mohd Rais Ahmad Mohamad Bakri Zubir 《Fibers and Polymers》2014,15(3):437-445
Development and practical application of multicomponent copolymerisation systems, such as terpolymerisation, is an on-going process because even a small addition of a particular comonomer may have a significant impact on the desired property. Commonly, three separate pairs of binary polymerisation experiments are carried out to obtain monomer reactivity ratios (MRR) values that relates to the ternary polymerisation reactions. However, the reaction conditions in each binary system may not be representative of the whole ternary system. The error-in-variables model (EVM) method is a relatively recent statistical approach to solving multi-response parameter estimation problems, with the advantage that all MRR parameters can be directly estimated from terpolymerisation data. New ternary copolymers derived from n-butyl acrylate (nBA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA) were synthesised in solution at 70±1 °C in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a free radical initiator. The terpolymers were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. The terpolymer compositions were determined using 1H NMR analysis. The polydispersities of the terpolymers with values between 1.66 and 1.85 suggest a strong tendency for chain termination by disproportionation. The glass transition temperatures of the terpolymers are found to be between those of the corresponding homopolymers and relative to their content. Increase in the nBA or THFA contents and decrease in the GMA content in terpolymers results in a decrease in the glass transition temperatures. The determination of MRR for the ternary system was obtained by employing the EVM model. Experimental terpolymerisation data agree well with calculations based on the Alfrey-Goldfinger equation and the unitary and binary azeotropes were calculated. 相似文献
7.
Andreas Rais Werner Poschenrieder Hans Pretzsch Jan-Willem G. van de Kuilen 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(5):617-626
? Context
Mechanical wood properties are increasingly relevant for structural applications and are influenced by growing space availability. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) has an increasing market share in Europe and is mainly processed to sawn timber.? Aim
A sample of 164 thinning trees was taken from two Douglas-fir long-term forestry research plots in Germany. The end-use quality of about 2,000 side and center boards was analyzed as a function of initial plant density (1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 trees per hectare) and log position within the stem.? Methods
Sawn timber quality was described by knottiness, density, modulus of elasticity, and strength. Explanatory parameters were radial position, longitudinal position, and initial plant density. All boards were strength graded visually and by the grading machine GoldenEye-706 using both X-rays for detecting densities and size as well as position of knots and laser interferometry for detecting eigenfrequency (DIN 4074, DIN 2012; EN 14081-2, CEN 2010).? Results
High plant density led to better mechanical sawn timber quality. Significant differences were especially observed between 1,000 and 2,000 trees per hectare. The yield of machine strength-graded center boards of strength class C24 increased from 50 to 89 % at low and high initial plant density, respectively.? Conclusion
Foresters are able to improve end-product quality by controlling planting density in particular. The roundwood price that foresters get should be based on the proportion of higher strength classes within logs to give incentives for a more quality-oriented forest management. 相似文献8.
Andreas Rais Jan-Willem G. van de Kuilen Hans Pretzsch 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(6):1043-1056
Climate change in Central Europe may come along with acute drought stress, which can severely reduce growth and vitality of forest trees and whole stands. For a tree species such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) which is cultivated far beyond its natural range in Europe, knowledge of its behaviour under stress is crucial for the cultivation of Douglas-fir in view of a changing climate. Because of its easy accessibility, growth response to stress was mainly studied based on diameter growth at breast height. In long-term experiments on one dry and one moist site in Southern Germany, stem analyses of 133 mature and even-aged Douglas-firs were performed. The short-term growth reaction pattern under acute drought stress of 2003 had not only consequences on diameter but more pronounced effects can be observed when studying tree height: Respecting the different age trends by previous detrending, height increment only reacted more sensitive on the dry site. We also showed that extrapolating a particular decline in basal area increment to the whole stem can result in misunderstandings. However, results were less biased, when original data were smoothed or short-term assessment of volume growth was based on basal area measurements. By means of a linear mixed model approach, the influence of site, tree, and stand characteristics on Lloret’s indices of resistance and resilience (Lloret et al. in Oikos 120:1909–1920. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19372.x, 2011) were analysed. For Douglas-fir, site played a crucial role and became more important considering the age trend. On the contrary, the positive influence of site quality on drought tolerance decreased with data processing. However, more growing space by thinning can advance tree resistance and resilience regarding height, diameter, and volume growth. Large individual crown volume improved the growth pattern under drought, and large stand density impaired it. Douglas-fir is obviously equipped with a morphological variability, which fosters lateral rather than vertical growth allocation under severe stress. Silviculture can mitigate stress through the choice of the site and through lower stand densities by thinning. Our refined stress response analysis confirmed a favourable growth and resilience of Douglas-fir even under extreme drought events. 相似文献
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Polyketide 13 [=2-hydroxy-5-((6-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl)-2-propylchroman-4-one] and three related known compounds 7, 9 and 11 were obtained and structurally characterized from Streptomyces sundarbansensis strain, an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the Algerian marine brown algae Fucus sp. Compound 13 was obtained as the major metabolite from optimized culture conditions, by using Agar state fermentation. Due to tautomeric equilibrium, 13 in CD3OD solution was able to incorporate five deuterium atoms, as deduced by NMR and ESI-MS/MS analysis. The 2-hydroxy-γ-pyrone form was established for these metabolites based on the comparison of their experimental IR spectra with the DFT calculated ones, for both the corresponding 4-hydroxy-α-pyrone and 2-hydroxy-γ-pyrone forms. During antibacterial evaluation, compound 13 stood out as the most active of the series, showing a selective activity against the gram positive pathogenic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, MIC = 6 μΜ), with a bacteriostatic effect. 相似文献
10.
Tropical Animal Health and Production - Thirty dairy farms were selected for this study; the first objective of our study was to investigate the prevalence of subclinical bovine mastitis (SCM) in... 相似文献