Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges     

Muhammad Amir Maqbool  AbduRahman Beshir 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(1):1-28

Zn deficiency is one of the leading health problems in children and women of developing countries. Different interventions could be used to overcome malnutrition, but biofortification is most impactful, convenient, sustainable and acceptable intervention. Maize is one of the major crops grown and consumed in the regions with prevalent Zn malnutrition; therefore, this is suitable target for Zn biofortification. Zn biofortification of maize could be achieved through agronomic and genetic approaches. Discussion of agronomic approaches with genetic approaches is prerequisite because soils in developing countries are deficit of Zn and availability of Zn in soils is mandatory for estimating the genetic responses of maize genotypes through genetic approaches. Seed priming, foliar and soil applications are agronomic tools for biofortification, but solo and combined applications of these treatments have different effects on Zn enrichment. Genetic approaches include the increase of Zn bioavailability or increase of kernel Zn concentration. Zn bioavailability could be increased by reducing the anti‐nutritional factors or by increasing the bioavailability enhancers. Kernel Zn concentration could be improved through hybridization and selections, whereas genetically engineered attempts for improving Zn uptake from soil, loading in xylem, remobilization in grains and sequestration in endosperm can further improve the kernel Zn concentration. Key challenges associated with dissemination of Zn biofortified maize are also under discussion in this draft. Current review emphasized all of above‐mentioned contents to provide roadmap for the development of Zn biofortified maize genotypes to curb the global Zn malnutrition.  相似文献   

Pervasive interactions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sb</Emphasis> loci cause high pollen sterility and abrupt changes in gene expression during meiosis that could be overcome by double neutral genes in autotetraploid rice     

Jinwen Wu  Lin Chen  Muhammad Qasim Shahid  Minyi Chen  Qinglei Dong  Jirui Li  Xiaosong Xu  Xiangdong Liu 《Rice》2017,10(1):49

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Physiological Analysis of Yield Variation in Mungbean (Vigna radiata [Roxb.] Wilczek)     

D. B. Patel    K. R. Purohit  R. R. Shah 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1992,168(2):128-132

Two mungbean varieties, Guj-1 and PIMS-1 differing in their productivity potential, were examined to investigate their photosynthetic system at various stages of growth in relation to yield with two different dates of sowing. Vertical leaves were found to be beneficial. On the other hand, excessive leaf area during the later stages of growth may be detrimental to yield. Lower LAD at seedling stage and overall high NAR values may be reflected in higher grain yield. NAR declined as season progressed and this, in turn, may be related with increase in LAI. The grain yield was considerably more at the first date of sowing as compared to second date of sowing, the effect was being more pronounced in var. PIMS-1 . Various environmental factors recorded at two different dates of sowing and at various stages of growth indicated that these factors may have influenced the yield potential at two different dates of sowing.  相似文献   

Ultrastructure of sarcocysts from water buffalo in India     

J P Dubey  C A Speer  H L Shah 《Veterinary parasitology》1989,34(1-2):149-152

The ultrastructure of sarcocysts of macro- and microscopic species of Sarcocystis was compared from naturally infected water buffalo from India. Grossly visible sarcocysts had walls consisting of cauliflower-like villar protrusions, typical of S. fusiformis. The sarcocyst wall of the microscopic species of Sarcocystis was 6.4 microns thick and consisted of tightly packed conical villar protrusions that were 9.6 microns long and 3.7 microns wide at the base. At approximately 3 microns above the base, the distal two-thirds of the villar protrusion became conical shaped and was bent laterally at an angle of 45 degrees to the sarcocyst surface. The granular layer beneath the villar protrusions was 0.9 microns thick. In S. levinei the granular layer was 1.9 microns thick, the villar protrusions were narrow and it had a highly undulating primary cyst wall. Whether the microscopic S. levinei-like sarcocysts of Indian and Malaysian water buffalo are distinct species of Sarcocystis will require further investigation.  相似文献   

Seasonality of cattle feed sources in Pabna,Bangladesh     

H. M. J. Udo  C. Hermans  F. Dawood 《Tropical animal health and production》1992,24(1):50-56

Summary Cattle feed sources were studied at village level in Pabna district, Bangladesh. A large quantity of feed was offered. In the monsoon the average amount of DM fed to a mature animal of 210kg was 7·1kg d⁻¹, consisting of about equal amounts of straw, weeds and leaves. In winter animals grazed for an average of 3·7hd⁻¹ and were supplemented with 3·9kgDMd⁻¹ (two-thirds straw). In summer they were offered 5·4kgDMd⁻¹ (one-third straw and two-thirds weeds and leaves) and they grazed for 0·5hd⁻¹. The major limiting constraint on cattle production is the quality of the feed offered, particularly in the monsoon period when animals cannot graze. In future, feed quality will become even more of a problem because grazing lands are gradually disappearing.

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Resumen Se estudiaron las fuentes de alimentos para el ganado a nivel de villorrio en el distrito de Pabna, Bangladesh. Se ofreció gran cantidad de alimento. En la época de monsones, la cantidad promedio de materia seca (MS) suministrada a un animal maduro de 210kg fue 7·1kgd⁻¹, la que consistió en cantidades iguales de paja, malezas y hojas. En invierno los animales pastorearon un promedio de 3·7hd⁻¹ y fueron suplementados con 3·9kgMSd⁻¹ (dos tercios paja). En verano se ofrecieron 5·4kgMSd⁻¹ (un tercio paja y dos tercios malezas y hojas), pastoreando los animales 0·5hd⁻¹. La mayor limitante encontrada, fue la calidad del alimento ofrecido, particularmente en la época de monsones, cuando los animales no pueden pastorear. En el futuro, la calidad del alimento empeorará, ya que las pasturas están desapareciendo gradualmente.

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Résumé Les disponibilités alimentaires du bétail ont été étudiées dans le district de Pabna (Bangladesh), au sein d'un village. Une grande quantité de nourriture fut offerte. Lors de la mousson, la quantité moyenne de matière sèche présentée à un adulte de 210kg était de 7,1kg/j, consistant en proportion à peu près équivalente de paille, mauvaises herbes et feuilles. En hiver, les animaux paturaient en moyenne 3,7kg/j et recevaient un supplément de 3,9kg/j de matières sèchs (deux tiers de paille). En été, on leur a distribué 5,4kg/j de matières sèches (un tiers de pailles, deux tiers de mauvaises herbes et de feuilles) et ils paturaient pendant une demi-heure (0,5h/j). Le facteur majeur limitant réside dans la qualité nutritive offerte, particulièrement pendant la mousson, période où les animaux ne peuvent pas paturer. La qualité de l'alimentation risque de devenir encore plus problématique du fait de la disparition progressive des paturages.

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Reproductive performance of nili-ravi buffaloes after a single injection of GnRH earlypost partum     

S. Nasir Hussain Shah  A. H. Willemse  D. F. M. Van de Wiel 《Tropical animal health and production》1990,22(4):239-246

Summary Sixty dairy buffaloes (second to fourth lactation) from a large buffalo farm were used to compare the effects of single intramuscular injections of 100 µg gondadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), 250 µg GnRH or saline given on day 14post partum. The buffaloes had calved at the end of the breeding season (December). Milk samples for progesterone determination were taken at the time of injection and then three times a week either until first insemination or until around day 90post partum. GnRH given at 14 dayspost partum resulted in quicker completion of uterine involution, earlier resumption of ovarian activity, shorter intervals between calving and conception and a better first service conception rate in non-suckled dairy buffaloes. Differences between the results obtained by a GnRH dose level of 100 µg and 250 µg were non-significant. In the post-treatment period cases of prolonged luteal activity were common in all groups of buffaloes. Therefore the sequential administration of GnRH and prostaglandin is suggested for the management of post-partum reproductive activity in problem herds.

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Desempeno Reproductivo De Bufalos Nili-Ravi Despues De Una Sola Inyeccion De GnRH Temprano Despues Del Post-Parto

Resumen Sesenta búfalos lecheros (segunda a cuarta lactancia) pertenecientes a un hato grande fueron utilizados para comparar los efectos de inyecciones intramusculares de 100 µg de GnRH, 250 µg y de solución salina, aplicadas 14 días después del parto. Los búfalos habian parido al final de la estación de pariciones (diciembre). Se tomaron muestras de leche para medir progesterona, en el momento de la inyección y después tres veces por semana hasta la primera inseminación, o hasta cerca de los 90 días post-parto. La GnRH administrada 14 días post-parto, dio como resultado una rápida involución uterina, más rápido retorno a la actividad ovárica, más cortos intervalos entre partos y concepción, y un mejor índice servicio-concepción en búfalos lecheros que no estaban amamantando. Los resultados de dosis de 100 µg y 250 µg no fueron significativos. En el período post-tratamiento, los casos de actividad luteal prolongada fueron comunes en todos los grupos de búfalos. Se sugiere entonces, la administración secuencial de GnRH y prostaglandina, parar el manejo de la actividad reproductiva post-parto en hatos problema.

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Performances De Reproduction Du Buffle Nili-Ravi Apres Une Injection Unique PrecocePost Partum De Gonadotrophine (GnRH)

Résumé Soixante bufflesses laitières (de la seconde à la quatrième lactation), appartenant à une grande ferme d'élevage de buffles, ont été utilisées pour comparer les effets d'une injection unique intramusculaire de 100 µg de gonadotrophine, ou de 250 µg du même produit ou d'une solution de sérum physiologique. Les bufflesses avaient mis bas à la fin de la saison de reproduction soit en décembre. Des prélèvements de lait ont été effectués pour déterminer le taux de progestérone au moment de l'injection d'une part, puis trois fois par semaine d'autre part jusqu'à la première insémination ou aux alentours d'une période de 90 jours après le part. La gonadotrophine, libérée sous forme d'hormone (GnRH), injectée 14 jours après la mise bas a eu pour effet un retour complet plus rapide de l'involution utérine et des intervalles plus courts entre la mise bas et la conception ainsi qu'un meilleur taux de conception à la première monte chez les femelles laitières non allaitantes. Les différences entre les résultats obtenus par une dose de 100/µg ou de 250/µg de gonadotrophine (GnRH) n'étaient pas significatives. Pendant la période post-thérapeutique, des cas d'activité lutéale prolongée ont été courants dans tous les groupes de bufflesses. En conséquence, l'administration séquentielle de GnRH et de prostaglandine est conseillée pour contrôler l'activité post-partum de reproduction dans les troupeaux qui présentent des problèmes de cet ordre.

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Influence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nigella sativa</Emphasis> seeds, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosmarinus officinalis</Emphasis> leaves and their combination on growth performance,immune response and rumen metabolism in Dorper lambs     

Kifah Jumaah Odhaib  Kazeem Dauda Adeyemi  Muideen Adewale Ahmed  Muhammad Faseleh Jahromi  Shokri Jusoh  Anjas Asmara Samsudin  Abdul Razak Alimon  Halimatun Yaakub  Awis Qurni Sazili 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(5):1011-1023

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Nigella sativa L. seeds, Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves and their combination on rumen metabolism, nutrient intake and digestibility, growth performance, immune response and blood metabolites in Dorper lambs. Twenty-four entire male Dorper lambs (18.68?±?0.6 kg, 4–5 months old) were randomly assigned to a concentrate mixture containing on a dry matter basis either, no supplement (control, T1), 1% R. officinalis leaves (T2), 1% N. sativa seeds (T3) or 1% R. officinalis leaves +1% N. sativa seeds (T4). The lambs had ad libitum access to urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) and were raised for 90 days. Supplemented lambs had greater (P?< 0.05) intake of DM and UTRS than the control lambs. The T4 lambs had lower (P?< 0.05) nutrient digestibility than those fed other treatments. Total and daily weight gain was greater (P?< 0.05) in T2 lambs than those fed other diets. The T3 and T4 lambs had greater (P?< 0.05) ruminal pH than the T1 and T2 lambs. Supplemented lambs had lower (P?<?0.05) ruminal total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, NH₃-N and C18:0 than the control lambs. The T4 lambs had lower (P?< 0.05) population of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, methanogens and total protozoa compared with those fed other diets. Supplemented lambs had lower (P?< 0.05) neutrophils, basophils and serum urea and greater (P?<?0.05) serum IgA and IgG compared with the control lambs. The current results emphasised the variation in the efficacy of medicinal plants in ruminant nutrition.  相似文献   

Performance of Bangladesh indigenous rice in a weed infested field and separation of allelopathy from resource competition     

Sheikh Muhammad Masum  Mohammad Amzad Hossain  Hikaru Akamine  Jun‐Ichi Sakagami  Takahiro Ishii  Ichiro Nakamura  Md. Asaduzzaman  Prasanta Chitta Bhowmik 《Weed Biology and Management》2019,19(2):39-50

This study aimed to identify the potential allelopathic indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) varieties from Bangladesh using a performance study in a weed‐infested field and to assess the extent of allelopathic interference relative to resource competition in a glasshouse experiment. Six varieties – namely, “Boterswar,” “Goria,” “Biron” and “Kartiksail” as the most allelopathic, “Hashikolmi” as weakly allelopathic and “Holoi” as nonallelopathic – were raised following a nonweed control method. The infestation levels of weed species were calculated using Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI), which ranged from 0.2 to 0.56. However, a significant correlation coefficient (0.87, P < 0.001) was obtained from these field data compared with the root inhibition percentage from the laboratory bioassay, and the “Boterswar” variety was the most allelopathic. The interactions between the allelopathic variety “Boterswar,” weakly allelopathic variety “Hashikolmi” and Echinochloa oryzicola via a target (rice)‐adjacent (E. oryzicola) cogrowth culture were determined in a hydroponic arrangement. The relative competitive intensity (RCI) and the relative neighbor effect (RNE) values showed that the crop–weed interaction was facilitation for “Boterswar” and competition for “Hashikolmi” and E. oryzicola in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The allelopathic effects of “Boterswar” were much higher than the resource competition in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The converse was observed for “Hashikolmi.” Moreover, the mineral content of E. oryzicola was severely affected by “Boterswar”/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures’ exudate solution. Therefore, the allelopathic potential of “Boterswar” variety might be useful for developing the weed‐suppressing capacity of rice, which will likely have a significant influence on paddy weed control.  相似文献   

Comparison of mitochondrial gene expression and polysome loading in different tobacco tissues     

Muhammad Waqar Hameed  Ilona Juszczak  Ralph Bock  Joost Thomas van Dongen 《Plant methods》2017,13(1):112

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苹果赤霉素信号转导因子MdGAMYB的克隆和表达分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

樊胜  雷超  辛明志  邵红霞  Muhammad Mobeen Tahir  张东  韩明玉 《园艺学报》2017,44(5):817-827

以‘长富2号’苹果为试验材料,从其短枝顶芽中克隆得到1个赤霉素信号转导因子MdGAMYB,对其进行生物信息学和表达分析。结果表明,MdGAMYB的开放阅读框(ORF)长度为1 656bp,编码551个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为59.741 kD。生物信息学分析表明MdGAMYB编码的蛋白存在多个糖基化位点和磷酸化位点;序列分析表明,Md GAYMB和其他物种的GAMYB蛋白有很高的相似性,均含有保守的R2R3 DNA结合域和GAMYB家族所特有的Box1,Box2和Box3保守区域;系统进化分析表明,Md GAYMB与梨、梅花、草莓、枣和葡萄等的GAMYB蛋白具有较高的同源性。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,Md GAYMB具有组织表达特异性,在叶片、花和芽中的表达量较高。外源GA3处理抑制了花芽孕育和翌年成花,抑制MdGAMYB的表达。在易成花品种‘烟富6号’中的表达量高于难成花品种‘长富2号’。  相似文献