Effect of sub-lethal nitrite on selected haematological parameters in fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Pratap Chandra Das  Subanna Ayyappan  Joy Krushna Jena  & Basanta Kumar Das 《Aquaculture Research》2004,35(9):874-880

A sub‐lethal nitrite toxicity trial was conducted using static conditions for a period of 96 h with fingerlings of Catla catla (21.4±3.6 g). Fingerlings were exposed to five concentrations of nitrite, that is, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10.4 mg L^?1 and a nitrite‐free control to study changes in haematological parameters. Nitrite caused an increase in immature erythrocyte population (7–24%) in lower concentrations (0–4 mg L^?1) at 6 h while they were absent in higher concentrations. The total erythrocyte count was reduced at 6 h followed by an increase at 12 h with further reduction up to 96 h in all concentrations of nitrite. The 96‐h exposure resulted in 21.2–31.8% reduction in erythrocyte population in 1–10.4 mg L^?1 nitrite. The haemoglobin content decreased progressively with increasing nitrite concentrations as well as exposure periods. Total leukocyte count decreased initially at 6 h in all treatments followed by an increase after 12 h, signifying development of a protective response of the body to nitrite stress. Blood glucose decreased initially up to 24 h followed by an increase through 96 h. Serum protein level decreased continuously with increasing exposure period. The study revealed that exposure to nitrite caused changes in almost all the haematological parameters in the fingerlings depending on the concentration as well as exposure period. Nitrite being one of the important inorganic nutrients often recorded at higher levels in intensively cultured ponds, the present study highlights its adverse impact on fish and stressed the need for the management of this nutrient in culture ponds.  相似文献   

Comparative changes in water quality and role of pond soil after application of different levels of organic and inorganic inputs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Pratap Chandra Das  Subanna Ayyappan  & Joykrushna Jena 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(8):785-798

Changes in water parameters were studied in a yard experiment for 7 weeks after application of cow dung at 20, 50 and 100 t ha^?1, poultry manure at 4, 10 and 20 t ha^?1, feed mixture (groundnut oil cake and rice bran at 1:1) at 10, 20 and 30 t ha^?1 and inorganic fertilizers at 100 kg urea+50 kg single super phosphate (SSP) ha^?1, twice this dose (2x ha^?1) and thrice this dose (3x ha^?1). To study the role of soil in the mineralization process, each treatment was divided into two groups – one with and the other without soil substrate. Higher degree of changes in water parameters was observed at higher input levels. Both organic amendment and inorganic fertilization caused significant reduction (P<0.05) in dissolved oxygen and increase in free CO₂, dissolved organic matter, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorus contents of water. Organic inputs significantly decreased (P<0.05) water pH and increased total alkalinity and hardness. In contrast, inorganic fertilization caused a significant increase in pH; alkalinity and hardness increased significantly in the presence of soil, but reduced in its absence. In organic input, presence of soil substrate caused significantly lower value of pH, dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic matter and phosphate‐phosphorus and significantly higher free CO₂, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate contents, compared with those in the absence of soil, revealing enhanced microbial mineralization in the presence of soil.  相似文献   

Antioxidant Effect of Dietary Supplement Withania somnifera L. Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats     

Rajangam Udayakumar  Sampath Kasthurirengan  Ayyappan Vasudevan  Thankaraj Salammal Mariashibu  Jesudass Joseph Sahaya Rayan  Chang Won Choi  Andy Ganapathi  Sei Chang Kim 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2010,65(2):91-98

The phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined from the extracts of Withania somnifera root (WSREt) and leaf (WSLEt). The WSREt has 28.26 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 17.32 mg/g flavonoids, whereas WSLEt has 5.4 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 5.1 mg/g flavonoids. The WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide were orally administered daily to diabetic rats for 8 weeks. After the treatment, the levels of urine sugar, blood glucose, liver glycogen, and antioxidants like vitamin C and E in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver, kidney and heart were determined. Diabetic rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in glucose and TBARS and a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in glycogen, vitamin C and E, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GSH levels when compared to normal control rats. Administration of WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide to diabetic rats restored the levels to normal. In the light of aforesaid facts, it is suggested that the presence of phenolic compounds including flavonoids in W. somnifera root and leaf extracts and their antioxidant activity may play a vital role in reduction of blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.  相似文献   

Management of a distal metaphyseal radial fracture in a dog with a mini T-plate     

Lakshmi ND  Ganesh TN  Ayyappan S  Shafiuzama MD  Sureshkumar R 《The Veterinary record》2007,161(23):791-792

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Hatchery seed production of giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii using inland ground saline water in India          下载免费PDF全文

Sudhir Raizada  Hasan Javed  Subbanna Ayyappan  Subas C Mukhergee  Umesh K Maheshwari  D Stewart Fielder 《Aquaculture Research》2015,46(1):49-58

The suitability of inland saline water (ISW) from the Lahli‐Baniyani Fish Farm, Rohtak was investigated for the larval rearing of giant freshwater prawn (GFP), Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Six experiments were conducted. In Experiment‐I, 54% of the larvae metamorphosed to postlarvae (PL) in constituted seawater (CSW) whereas total mortality occurred at larval stages (LS)‐II and LS‐III in ISW with salinity of 12 g L^?1. Larvae survived to LS‐IV in Experiment‐II, when ISW was supplemented with K⁺~ SW. In Experiment‐III, total hardness in ISW was reduced serially, but K⁺ ~ SW was supplemented. The larvae did not survive beyond LS‐V. In Experiment‐IV, ISW was amended with different ratios of Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ and K⁺ ~ SW. The larvae successfully metamorphosed to postlarvae with highest survival of 51.6% in Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio of 2.5. In Experiment‐V, eight larval cycles were run with water quality used in Experiment V, where all the cycles produced PL's with a survival rate of 20–67%. In Experiment VI, the larvae were reared in Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio of 2.5 and different levels of K⁺ to optimize its requirement. The ISW amended with K⁺ 80% ~ SW and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio of 2.5 was found to be commercially suitable for the seed production of GFP.  相似文献   

Acclimation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anabas testudineus</Emphasis> (Bloch) to three test temperatures influences thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption     

Kamal Sarma  A. K. Pal  S. Ayyappan  T. Das  S. M. Manush  Dipesh Debnath  Kartik Baruah 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(1):85-90

Teleost fish have developed their own specific adaptive mechanism, both behavioral and physiological, to maintain homeostasis in response to unfavorable temperatures. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the critical thermal maxima (CT_Max), critical thermal minima (CT_Min), and oxygen consumption rate of Anabas testudineus (17.03 ± 1.2 g) after acclimating to three preset temperatures (25, 30, and 35°C) for 30 days. The CT_Max and CT_Min were 40.15, 41.40, 41.88°C and 12.43, 13.06, 13.94°C, respectively, and were significantly different (P < 0.05). The thermal tolerance polygon for the specified temperatures was 278.30°C². The oxygen consumption rate (117.03, 125.70, 198.48 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing acclimation temperatures. The overall results indicate that the thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption of A. testudineus are dependent on acclimation.  相似文献   

Effect of Protease Treatment on Oil Extractability of Carotenoids from Shrimp Waste     

Nakkarike Manjabhat Sachindra  Namadev Subbanna Mahendrakar 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(1):22-31

Crustacean waste is an important source of natural carotenoids. Carotenoids in shrimp waste occur as a complex with proteins. Investigations were carried out to assess the effect of hydrolyzing shrimp waste with different proteases on the subsequent recovery of carotenoids in vegetable oil. Hydrolyzing the shrimp waste with the bacterial protease alcalase gave higher extraction yields in oil (28.6 μg/g waste) compared to hydrolyzing with the plant protease papain (24.8 μg/g) or the animal protease trypsin (25.3 μg/g). Optimized conditions for alcalase treatment and extraction of carotenoids was determined to be hydrolysis of shrimp waste with 0.75% of alcalase at 37°C for 150 min, adding sunflower oil to hydrolyzed waste in a ratio of 2:1, and heating at 70°C for 90 min. Prior hydrolysis of waste considerably reduced the heating time required for maximum extraction of pigments, which may help in preventing the carotenoid degradation during prolonged heating in oil.  相似文献   

Corncob-induced endo-1,4-beta-d-xylanase of Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154: production and characterization of xylobiose from glucuronoxylan     

Aachary AA  Prapulla SG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(11):3981-3988

Eight different fungi were cultivated in a peptone-yeast extract medium containing 1% oat spelt xylan (OSX) to evaluate endo-1,4-beta-xylanase secretion for xylooligosaccharide (XOS) production. Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154, Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , and Aspergillus ochraceus showed significant titers of endoxylanases, which were further used for the production of XOS from birch wood xylan (BWX). A. oryzae produced 89.5 +/- 1.13% XOS in the hydrolysate at 24 h of reaction. The effect of OSX, BWX, and raw corncob on the induction of endoxylanase in A. oryzae was studied, and the xylanase activity was maximum at 96 h of cultivation in 3% corncob containing medium. XOS produced at 36 h of reaction was 5.87 +/- 0.53 mg/mL (12 +/- 2% xylose, 48 +/- 2.43% xylobiose, and 40 +/- 3.6% higher oligomers) from 1% BWX . HPLC/refractive index detection and ESI/MS analysis of fractions obtained by GPC corresponded to neutral and 4- O-methyl-alpha- d-glucuronic acid substituted acidic oligosaccharides. The major fraction, beta- d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)- d-xylanopyranose was characterized using (13)C NMR.  相似文献   

Mortalities caused by the crustacean isopod, Cirolana fluviatilis, in tropical, cage-cultured Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer: a case study from the southwest coast of India     

Nandiath Karayi Sanil  Pattath Ayyappan Vikas  Thaichira Bahuleyan Ratheesh  Kizhakkayil Chandy George  & Koyadan Kizhakkedath Vijayan 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(14):1626-1633

Recurring mortalities inflicted by the cirolanid isopod Cirolana fluviatilis in the juveniles of the Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer , stocked in a cage farm in the Cochin backwaters, from November 2006 to May 2007, were investigated. Hatchery-reared fingerlings (size 8–12 cm) were cultured in floating cages and mortalities were observed after a rearing period of 1 month. The fish were found dead in the cages, with only the remnants of fish skeleton and all the flesh eaten away. Investigations revealed a very high abundance of isopods, identified as C. fluviatilis (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Isopoda and Ciroloanidae). During the first 2 months of stocking, 35% of the fingerlings died, and the cumulative mortality reached 45% in 6 months, considerably reducing the profits from the venture. Management measures for the control of the isopods are discussed. This is the first report on the isopod, C. fluviatilis , inflicting serious mortalities in a tropical cage-rearing system in the southwest coast of India.  相似文献   

Acute toxicity of ammonia and its sub-lethal effects on selected haematological and enzymatic parameters of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Pratap Chandra Das  S Ayyappan  J K Jena  B K Das 《Aquaculture Research》2004,35(2):134-143

A comprehensive acute toxicity trial was conducted using a static water system to study the toxic effect of ammonia on haematology and enzyme profiles of Cirrhinus mrigala H. The LC₅₀ of total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN) was 11.8 mg L^?1 TAN (1.029 mg L^?1 NH₃‐N). The sub‐lethal test revealed that with increasing concentration of TAN, the total erythrocyte counts were reduced in lower concentrations (1–4 mg L^?1 TAN) followed by higher levels in fish exposed to higher concentrations (8–16 mg L^?1 TAN). In contrast, the total leucocyte counts were opposite. With increasing concentration of TAN, haemoglobin and serum protein content were reduced, whereas the blood glucose level increased. As the concentration of ammonia increased, there was a reduction in acetylecholinesterase activity in the brain and liver; alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum, brain and gill; and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the gill. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the gill, liver, kidney and brain increased with increased concentration of ammonia. In addition, activities of ACP in the serum and brain, alanine aminotransferase in the serum, brain and gill, and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum, brain and gill were increased.  相似文献