Rotaviral diarrhea in pigs: brief review.     

E H Bohl 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1979,174(6):613-615

Rotavirus is a name given to a group of viruses that have similar characteristics and are generally capable of causing diarrhea in the young. Infection of pigs with porcine rotavirus is common and widespread and can result in diarrhea, especially in 1- to 4-week-old pigs. This virus is frequently associated with a diarrheal syndrome popularity known as "white scours," "milk scours," or "3-week-old scours." Pigs less than 1 week old are infrequently infected, presumably because of adequate passive immunity. The infection resembles enzootic transmissible gastroenteritis. Diagnosis can be made by immunofluorescent staining of mucosal scrappings from the small intestines.  相似文献   

燃油温度和喷射压力对葵花籽油与柴油喷雾特性的影响     

何旭  刘海  曾威霖  余红东  Bohl Thomas  田国弘  李向荣  刘福水 《农业工程学报》2014,30(15):75-82

为探究纯植物油作为压燃内燃机替代燃料的雾化问题,利用纹影法对葵花籽纯植物油和普通柴油在不同试验条件下的喷雾特性进行了对比研究,分析了燃油温度和喷射压力对2种燃料喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角和空气卷吸作用的影响。研究结果表明:葵花籽油的喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均随着喷射压力和燃油温度的升高而增大,与柴油的变化规律相似。温度从60℃升高到90℃,喷油压力为60 MPa时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为12.4%和9.6%,120 MPa时分别为5%和4.14%;喷油压力从60 MPa升高到120 MPa,温度为60℃时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为39.7%和16.7%,90℃时分别为30.6%和10.9%;当喷射压力、背景压力和燃油温度相同时,葵花籽油比柴油具有更大的贯穿距和更小的喷雾锥角,且喷雾贯穿距平均增幅为22.5%,喷雾锥角平均降幅为60.3%;升高燃油温度和升高喷射压力都会增强雾注的空气卷吸作用,但葵花籽油的空气卷吸作用要明显弱于普通柴油。研究结果可为纯植物油作为内燃机替代燃料的可行性研究提供参考。  相似文献   

The Pattern of Enteroviral Infections in a Herd of Swine          下载免费PDF全文

K. V. Singh  E. H. Bohl 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1972,36(3):243-248

Twenty-six pigs from four litters in a healthy herd of swine were examined periodically for the fecal excretion of viruses by the use of porcine kidney cell cultures. Viruses were initially isolated from all pigs between 34 to 64 days of age. The pigs within each litter began shedding virus in their feces approximately at the same time, usually within one week, and the type of virus initially recovered was usually the same. Subsequently, waves of infection with different enteroviruses appeared to occur during the observation period of six months. At least six antigenically different viruses were isolated from this herd over a 26-month period. Most, if not all, of these viruses were considered to belong to the enterovirus group. No disease was associated with these enteroviral infections.

The colostrum and milk of sows contained significant amounts of enteroviral antibodies. Prior to nursing, the serum of new-born pig contained no enteroviral antibodies but, shortly after nursing, high titers of such antibodies were present in the serum. Antibodies were detected in the feces of suckling pigs.

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Prokinetic effects of erythromycin on the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure of horses during the postoperative period     

Roussel AJ  Hooper RN  Cohen ND  Bye AD  Hicks RJ  Bohl TW 《American journal of veterinary research》2000,61(4):420-424

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of erythromycin on motility of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure of horses during the postoperative and post-recovery periods. ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were anesthetized and bipolar electrodes were implanted in smooth muscle of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure. Approximately 4, 16, and 24 hours (postoperative recording sessions) and at least 8 days (post-recovery recording session) after surgery, myoelectric activity was recorded before and after administration of erythromycin (0.5 mg/kg). RESULTS: Following erythromycin administration, myoelectric activity was increased in the ileum during all postoperative recording sessions but not during the post-recovery recording session. Myoelectric activity was increased in the cecum following erythromycin administration only during the post-recovery recording session. Myoelectric activity was increased in the pelvic flexure following erythromycin administration during all recording sessions. During several recording sessions, there were short periods during which myoelectric activity was significantly decreased following erythromycin administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that erythromycin has an effect on myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure in horses; however, prokinetic effects of erythromycin administered during the postoperative period were not always the same as effects obtained when the drug was administered after horses had recovered from the effects of surgical implantation of recording devices. Therefore, caution must be exercised when extrapolating results of prokinetic studies in healthy animals to animals with abnormal gastrointestinal tract motility.  相似文献   

Immune response of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus immunization   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

L J Saif  K L Smith  B J Landmeier  E H Bohl  K W Theil  D A Todhunter 《American journal of veterinary research》1984,45(1):49-58

Fifteen pregnant Holstein cows were freely assigned to 3 experimental groups (5 cows in each group). Cows in group I were inoculated IM and intramammarily (IMm) with Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) tissue culture-propagated modified-live Nebraska calf diarrhea bovine rotavirus with added adjuvant (OARDC vaccine-immunized cows). Group II cows were given IM injections of a commercial modified-live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine (commercial vaccine-immunized cows), and the remaining 5 cows were noninoculated controls (group III). Rotavirus antibody in colostrum and milk was mainly associated with immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, and less so with IgG2, IgA, and IgM, as analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using monospecific anti-bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA sera. In serum, the rotavirus antibody was distributed almost equally between IgG1 and IgG2. The same relationships appeared in both immunized and nonvaccinated cows. All OARDC vaccine-injected cows had virus-neutralization (VN) and ELISA IgG1 rotavirus antibody titers in serum and mammary secretions at significantly increased levels (at least 100-fold; P less than 0.05) compared with the titers in groups II (commercial vaccine-immunized cows) and III (controls). Serum, colostrum, and milk antibody titers from these latter 2 groups did not differ statistically. The ELISA IgG2, IgA, and IgM rotavirus antibody titers also were significantly greater in mammary secretions from OARDC vaccine-immunized cows than in groups II and III cows. There was a high correlation between ELISA IgG1 and VN rotavirus antibody titers for all samples tested (r = 0.97, P less than 0.001), but ELISA IgG1 antibody titers were consistently higher than VN titers. The ELISA IgG1 and VN antibody titers of milk samples collected from cows 30 days after parturition were higher from the OARDC vaccine-immunized cows (ELISA IgG1, geometric mean titer (GMT) = 3,511; VN GMT = 1,689) than were titers from the group II cows (ELISA IgG1 GMT = 39; VN GMT = 33) or group III cows (ELISA IgG1 GMT = 21; VN GMT = 19). These results indicate that IM plus IMm immunization of pregnant cows, using modified-live bovine rotavirus with added adjuvant, may significantly enhance serum, colostrum, and milk rotavirus antibody titers, whereas IM vaccinal inoculation of pregnant cows with a commercial modified-live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine may not.  相似文献   

Rotavirus as a cause of diarrhea in pigs.   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

E H Bohl  E M Kohler  L J Saif  R F Cross  A G Agnes  K W Theil 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1978,172(4):458-463

A rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) was associated with diarrheal diseases occurring in 1- to 4-week-old suckling pigs in 8 herds and in weaned pigs in 2 herds. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was also detected in 2 of these herds, as was enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 5 herds. Morbidity was generally greater than 80% in pigs of the affected age group within these herds, and mortality from diarrhea ranged from 7 to 20%. The disease due to rotavirus in suckling pigs appeared similar to the syndrome commonly referred to as milk scours, white scours, or 3-week scours. Diarrhea and villous atrophy, resembling that seen in transmissible gastroenteritis, occurred in naturally infected pigs and in gnotobiotic pigs experimentally infected with rotavirus. Diagnosis was accomplished by immune electron microscopy of intestinal contents and by immunofluorescent staining of enterocytes. A massive infection of enterocytes with rotavirus was demonstrated by immunofluorescence, which helps explain the pathogenesis of this disease. The apparent rarity of clinical rotaviral infections in suckling pigs greater than 7 days old is probably due to the acquisition of passive immunity from immune sows.  相似文献   

Immune electron microscopy of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) of swine.   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

L J Saif  E H Bohl  E M Kohler  J H Hughes 《American journal of veterinary research》1977,38(1):13-20

Immune electron microscopy (IEM) was developed as a diagnostic aid for detecting and identifying transmissible gastroenteritis virus and rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) in fecal and intestinal contents from cases of gastroenteritis in young pigs. Variables involved in use of direct IEM and its sensitivity were determined. Aggregates of virus coated with specific antibody were seen in virus samples mixed with homologous convalescent antiserum, but not in control samples containing preexposure serum or antibody directed against a heterologous virus. At least a ten fold enhancement of the sensitivity of direct IEM for virus detection was accomplished using indirect IEM employing rabbit anti-porcine IgG to further aggregate virus-antibody complexes. The technique was used to investigate the size and morphology of the porcine rotavirus. Particles ranged from 55 to 70 nm in diameter and had capsomere structures. Morphologically, the porcine rotavirus resembled the calf and human rotaviruses. By IEM, employing specific antiserums for each virus, porcine rotavirus was found to be antigenically related to these 2 viruses, but not to the reovirus type 3.  相似文献   

Cell culture propagation of porcine rotavirus (reovirus-like agent).   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

K W Theil  E H Bohl  A G Agnes 《American journal of veterinary research》1977,38(11):1765-1768

Two isolates of porcine rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) were isolated and passaged in primary procine kidney cell cultures. Viral infectivity for cells was monitored by immunofluorescence because viral cytopathic effect was moderate. Successful passage of virus in cell culture required that viral suspensions obtained from infected cell cultures be treated with pancreatin prior to inoculation onto cell monolayers. Porcine rotavirus passage in cell culture also was accomplished, using trypsin treatments in lieu of pancreatin treatments. Porcine rotavirus passaged 10 times in cell culture infected gnotobiotic pigs and caused diarrhea. Gnotobiotic pigs that recovered from this infection were resistant to challenge exposure with porcine rotavirus but were susceptible to challenge exposure with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. As determined by immunofluorescent cross reactions, porcine rotavirus was found to be antigenically related to the human and bovine rotaviruses but not to reovirus type 3 or to transmissible gastroenteritis virus.  相似文献   

Infection of germfree pigs with a porcine enterovirus   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S P Baba  E H Bohl  R C Meyer 《The Cornell veterinarian》1966,56(3):386-394

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Segmental axonopathy of Merino sheep in New Zealand     

RD Jolly  AC Johnstone  SD Williams  K Zhang  TW Jordan 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):210-217

AIM: To investigate an axonopathy of Merino sheep that caused progressive hindlimb ataxia and slight to moderate paresis, with the purpose of understanding its pathogenesis.

METHODS: Tissues were fixed in buffered paraformaldehyde or paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, processed into wax and epoxy resin, respectively, and examined by light and electron microscopy. Fresh frozen spinal cord and trigeminal nerve roots were subjected to homogenisation, centrifugation and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Selected protein spots were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry.

RESULTS. By light microscopy, there were large pale foamy spheroidal axonal swellings affecting peripheral as well as central axons. By electron microscopy, these were shown to contain many membrane-bound vesicles. The main abnormalities in expressed proteins involved cytoskeletal elements and myosin heavy chain, the latter interpreted as associated with the molecular motor myosin Va.

CONCLUSIONS: The disorder is the same as that described in Merinos in Australia as segmental axonopathy, and believed to have an inherited aetiology. The lesions and protein changes indicate abnormalities of the cytoskeleton, its relationship with the myelin sheath, and myosin Va molecular motor. The consequence appears to be abnormal axonal transport and inability to maintain the integrity of axons and their myelin sheaths.  相似文献