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WOODWARD 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1998,21(1):47-53
The safety evaluation of veterinary drugs intended for use in food producing animals relies heavily on the results of toxicity studies in laboratory animals, supported where possible by any data resulting from human exposure. The general approach involves the calculation of an acceptable daily intake which in turn can be used to elaborate maximum residue limits. It is an approach used in the European Union, in other countries and at the international level. In recent years, concern has been expressed over the presence of microbiologically active residues of veterinary drugs in food and their possible effects on the human gastrointestinal microflora. Methodologies for conducting microbiological safety studies have been investigated and approaches to microbiological safety assessments have been debated. The whole approach has proved to be controversial, partly because there are considerable doubts over the ability of low concentrations of antibiotic substances to produce adverse effects on the human gut flora and partly because there are no validated methods for testing for these attributes. This paper reviews the problems in some detail and discusses the regulatory consequences. 相似文献
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Methods for visualizing hyaline fungi for the detection of antifungal compounds on thin-layer chromatograms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two methods facilitating the use of hyaline fungi for the detection of antifungal compounds on thin-layer chromatograms are described. Fungal growth was visualized under ultraviolet light either by the metabolic release of fluorescein from the esterase substrate fluorescein diacetate, or by the binding of a fluorescent brightener (Calcofluor White M2R New, or Tinopal-CBS) to the mycelium on the TLC plate.
These methods were used to demonstrate compounds inhibitory to the wood-decay fungus Heterobasidion annosum in bark extracts of Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ). 相似文献
These methods were used to demonstrate compounds inhibitory to the wood-decay fungus Heterobasidion annosum in bark extracts of Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ). 相似文献
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A model is described for predicting the dynamic changes in theproportion of tree, shrub and grass life forms at the globalscale. This model is driven by the impacts of climate, soilsand CO2 on global vegetation leaf area index and net primaryproductivity. The life-form model has been used to explore theinfluences of global warming and continued CO2 increase on treecover This reflects a realization from other modelling workthat forested vegetation, at the global scale, exerts significantinfluences on climate, and so it is important to assess thepotential for this feedback under climatic change. An increase in CO2 from 350 to 560 p.p.m. is modelled to haveonly a small impact on tree cover, under current climate. Aregionally-consistent and global increase in temperature ofc.2{ring}C and a 10 per cent increase in precipitation, butwith no increase in CO2, indicates a significant potential fortrees to spread into current shrub tundra, over a period of50 years This could lead to regional warming, through changesin winter albedo. The effect of the CO2 increase is most noticeablein interaction with increases in temperature (2{ring}C) andprecipitation (10 per cent). In this case the life-form modelprojects further increases in tree cover, particularly in areaswith seasonally low periods of precipitation. 相似文献
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Penetration of root bark tissues of Picea sitchensis by Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria mellea and Heterobasidion annosum was examined in the absence of wounds, in superficial wounds (rhytidome tissues removed to expose the secondary phloem) and in wounds to the depth of the vascular cambium (deep wounding). Both species of Armillaria penetrated bark without prior wounding, but neither species formed rhizomorphs in this treatment. Armillaria ostoyae penetrated to 39 cell layers in depth by 48 days after inoculation of unwounded bark, whereas A. mellea penetrated 25 cell layers in the same time. Armillaria mellea penetrated superficial wounds significantly more rapidly than did A. ostoyae. Both species produced rhizomorphs within wounded host tissues. Inoculation of deep wounds with Armillaria resulted in a greater depth of bark necrosis with A. mellea than with A. ostoyae. In the absence of wounding, H. annosum failed to penetrate root bark tissues, but in both superficial and deep wounds hyphae penetrated beyond the ligno–suberized boundary zone (LSZ) by 12 days after inoculation. Where no inoculations were made, superficial or deep wounding led within 25 days to the restoration of a structurally continuous LSZ, and by day 48 the wound periderm (WP) was fully differentiated. In inoculated wounds, however, formation of the LSZ and WP was delayed or inhibited in most trees, particularly following inoculation with A. ostoyae or A. mellea. Suberization in the LSZ and WP remained diffuse and discontinuous 48 days after inoculation. Moreover, the presence of WP did not prevent further penetration of the tissues by the pathogens. Variations between trees in the depth of pathogen penetration were noted, possibly indicating differing susceptibilities of individual host genotypes. The possible host factors involved in resistance to penetration of root bark tissues by Armillaria and Heterobasidion are discussed. 相似文献
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