Selection experiments with salmon: IV. Growth of Atlantic salmon during two years in the sea     

Knut Gunnes  Trygve Gjedrem 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1978,15(1):19-33

Brood stock of Atlantic salmon were sampled from 37 rivers or riversystems (strains) for three consecutive years. Each strain was represented by several full- and half-sib families. During the freshwater period each full-sib family was reared separately and each group was given as equal environmental conditions as possible. Fingerlings large enough to become 1-year-old smolt were freeze-branded and smolts from the different strains were sampled and transported to five salmon farms along the Norwegian coast. This paper deals with body weight and length of Atlantic salmon after a growth period of 2 years in the sea.Significant differences between strains were found for all three year classes. The interaction farm × strain was significant but accounted for only a small part of the total variation. It is concluded that genotype × environment interaction can be ignored when planning a selection programme for Altantic salmon for Norwegian farming conditions. A significant interaction sire × dam was found for the 1972 year-class, implying the presence of non-additive genetic variation. The heritabilities for body weight and length estimated from sire components (year-class 1973 and 1974) were quite high: 0.31 and 0.28, respectively. Genetic correlations between body weight and length were close to unity. The heritabilities for condition factor ($\text{K=}\text{weight in g}\text{(length in cm)}{}^3\text{·100}$ were small and none of the sire components were significant. It is concluded that the combination of weight and length used in calculating the K-factor has minor genetic basis.Genetic variation in body weight of Atlantic salmon is high, and about three times as high as for body length.  相似文献   

Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to furunculosis, BKD and cold water vibriosis     

T Gjedrem  H M Gjøen 《Aquaculture Research》1995,26(2):129-134

Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and cold water vibriosis was studied by challenge testing one-year-old fingerlings. Fish from 81 full-sib families within 32 sire progeny groups were infected with Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum and Vibrio salmonicida. Estimated heritabilities were relatively low, being highest for BKD (h²= 0.23) and lowest for cold water vibriosis (h²= 0.13). Genetic correlations between the ability to survive the diseases were all positive, but the magnitude of the genetic correlation between furunculosis and BKD may be biased upwards because some of the dead BKD fish were also infected with furunculosis. The application of selection to develop resistant populations of Atlantic salmon is advocated. Challenge testing seems to be a feasible method, with relatively low costs and easy management. The future response to selection will depend on the relationships between results from a challenge test and mortalities under farming conditions and between disease resistance and other traits in the breeding goal.  相似文献   

A simple in vitro test tube method for estimating the bioavailability of phosphorus in feed ingredients for swine     

Bollinger DW  Tsunoda A  Ledoux DR  Ellersieck MR  Veum TL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(7):1804-1809

A simplified in vitro test tube (TT) method was developed to estimate the percentage of available P in feed ingredients for swine. The entire digestion procedure with the TT method consists of three consecutive enzymatic digestions carried out in a 50-mL conical test tube: (1) Pre-digestion with endo-xylanase and beta-glucanase for 1 h, (2) peptic digestion for 2 h, and (3) pancreatic digestion for 2 or 4 h. The TT method is simpler and much easier to perform compared to the dialysis tubing (DT) method, because dialysis tubing is not used. Reducing sample size from 1.0 to 0.25 g for the TT method improved results. In conclusion, the accuracy and validity of the TT method is equal to that of our more complicated DT method (r = 0.97, P < 0.001), designed to mimic the digestive system of swine, for estimating the availability of P in plant-origin feed ingredients.  相似文献   

Repellency of insecticides and the effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed crops     

Lars T. Havstad  John I. Øverland  Silja Valand  Trygve S. Aamlid 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2019,69(5):439-451

The study intended to compare repellency of three insecticides on bumble bees and honey bees in Norwegian red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed crops, and to examine effects of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in the field. The repellency study was carried out in a large-scale field trial in SE Norway in 2013. On average for observations during the first week after spraying, 17 and 40% less honey bees (P?=?.03) and 26 and 20% less bumble bees (P?=?.36) were observed on plots sprayed with the pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin, respectively, than on unsprayed control plots. No pollinator repellency was found on plots sprayed with the neonicotinoid thiacloprid. Compared with unsprayed control the seed yield increases were 22% on plots sprayed with thiacloprid vs. 12–13% on plots sprayed with pyrethroids (P?=?.10). Follow-up studies in 2014–2016 focused on the effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in commercially reared nests of Bombus terrestris placed into red clover seed crops at the start of flowering. Unsprayed control crops were compared with crops sprayed either at the bud stage or when 18–44% of flower heads were in full bloom. Chemical analyses of adult bumble bees showed that thiacloprid was taken up in bees when crops were sprayed during flowering, but not detected when crops were sprayed at the bud stage. The bumble bees in late-sprayed crops also developed weaker colonies than in unsprayed crops. Dead bees with a high internal concentration of thiacloprid were found in one crop sprayed during the night at 35% flowering. This shows that thiacloprid is not bee-safe if sprayed after anthesis and that spraying has to be conducted at the bud stage to reduce its contamination of nectar and pollen.  相似文献   

Production of fish protein hydrolysates step by step: technological aspects,equipment used,major energy costs and methods of their minimizing     

Inna Petrova  Ignat Tolstorebrov  Trygve Magne Eikevik 《International Aquatic Research》2018,10(3):223-241

Nowadays, there is a growing interest on how to utilize fish materials remaining from the main production and considered as unappropriated for a direct human consumption. There are numbers of possible solutions to recover valuable nutrients from that matter and one of the most efficient is the production of fish protein hydrolysate. This article is devoted to overview existing information about the production of dried fish protein hydrolysates with a focus on dehydration process during production and equipment used for moisture removal. Drying step of the production is considered as the most energy demanding and, therefore, described in detail. Questions considering energy demands of the drying are highlighted in the article together with the proposals for the improvement of energy efficiency. This work also describes source of the raw material, the main steps of the technological scheme with the equipment used and valuable information on the intermediate state of fish protein hydrolysate between the process operations.  相似文献   

Yield and Quality of Mixed Seed Crops of Timothy ( Phleum pratense ) and Clovers ( Trifolium spp.) in an Organic Cropping System     

Trygve S. Aamlid 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(1):18-24

Seed production of timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) in mixed crops with alsike ( Trifolium hybridum L.), white ( T. repens L.) or red ( T. pratense L.) clover was evaluated in an organic cash crop system. No fertilizer was applied except for household compost in the sowing year. While the first year crops of the alsike clover/timothy and red clover/timothy leys were harvested for clover seed, the first year crop of the white clover/timothy ley and all second year crops were harvested for timothy seed. The botanical composition of the alsike clover/timothy crop averaged 89/11 in the first ley year, and 8/92 in the second year. The corresponding yields averaged 443 kg ha -1 clover seed and 849 kg ha -1 timothy seed, respectively. Second year seed yields of timothy from mixtures with red and white clover were, in turn, 7% higher and 44% lower than from the corresponding mixture with alsike clover. First year seed yields of alsike clover from the alsike clover/timothy combination, and first year yields of timothy from the timothy/white clover combination were mostly rejected because of insufficient purity. In contrast, first year seed yields of red clover from the red clover/ timothy combination, and second year yields of timothy from all combinations, never failed to met the international requirement of maximum 1% contamination of one particular species in certified seed.  相似文献   

Soil fertility in three cropping systems after conversion from conventional to organic farming     

Anne Kjersti Bakken  Tor Arvid Breland  Trond K. Haraldsen  Trygve S. Aamlid  Tore E. Sveistrup 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(2):81-90

Abstract

Temporal changes in the scores of selected soil fertility indices were studied over six years in three different cases of organic crop rotation located in southern, eastern and central Norway. The cropping history and the initial scores of fertility indices prior to conversion to organic cropping differed between the sites. Crop yields, regarded as an overall, integrating fertility indicator, were in all rotations highly variable with few consistent temporal trends following the first year after conversion. On the site in eastern Norway, where conversion followed several years of all-arable crop rotations, earthworm number and biomass and soil physical properties improved, whereas the system was apparently degrading with regard to P and K trade balances and contents in soil. On the other two sites, the picture was less clear. On the southern site, which had a relatively fertile soil before conversion, the contents of soil organic matter and K decreased during the six-year period, but the scores of other fertility indices showed no trends. On the site in central Norway, there were positive trends for earthworm-related indices such as worm biomass and tubular biopores, and negative trends for soil porosity. The results, especially those from the eastern site, illustrate the general difficulty in drawing conclusions about overall fertility or sustainability when partial indicators show divergent trends. Consequently, the study gave no unambiguous support to the initial working hypothesis that organic farming increases inherent overall soil fertility, but rather showed that the effect varied among indicators and depended on status of the cases at conversion. It is concluded that indicators are probably better used as tools to learn about and improve system components than as absolute measures of sustainability.  相似文献   

Selection experiments with salmon: I. Differences in resistance to vibrio disease of salmon parr (Salmo salar)     

Trygve Gjedrem  Dag Aulstad 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1974,3(1):51-59

The research facilities at the fish experimental station at Sunndalsöra are described. The design of a selection experiment with salmon and sea trout is presented. The station is also used for other purposes, such as investigations into nutrition, pathology and environmental factors.In this paper analyses of observed differences to vibrio disease (Vibrio anguillarum) are reported. Significant differences in resistance between river strains of salmon parr were found. The difference between localities are supposed to be partly heritable.The data were also used to estimate the heritability on an intra-river basis. The estimates were 0.12 and 0.07 based on the sire and dam component, respectively. It is concluded that selection against vibrio disease will result in genetic change.  相似文献   

Survival of Arctic char in the sea during fall and winter     

Trygve Gjedrem 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1975,6(2):189-190

Arctic char which were kept in floating nets in the sea during summer showed a very high death rate in early fall.  相似文献   

Possibilities for genetic gain in salmonids     

Trygve Gjedrem 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1975,6(1):23-29

A review of the literature concerning phenotypic and genetic parameters for economic production traits in salmonids show that very few estimates are available. However, based on the present knowledge the possibilities for genetic gain in, for example, growth rate are extremely good even if conservative estimates are considered. The high genetic gain may be obtained primarily because of high fertility, a large phenotypic variance and a moderate length of the generation interval. There is a great need to start selection in order to get a more productive animal which is better adapted to captivity.  相似文献