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1.
European policies and instruments such as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and many instruments for nature and landscape
conservation in Europe have for some decades been dominated by centralisation and standardisation. This paper shows that this
has led to the neglect of contextual and place-related approaches and an unnecessarily high degree of over-simplification.
Recently, as a reaction to this over-simplification, diversity and specific character has been particularly stressed in many
European and national strategies for rural landscapes and conservation, but the processes of simplification still continue.
Using examples from mixed agriculture and forestry landscapes in Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden, this paper aims to contribute
to understanding the gap between centrally defined strategies for rural landscapes and awareness and management practices
at local level. The three countries are situated at the outer fringes of Europe, and are complementary with their different
degrees of urbanisation, forest distribution and tree-richness in the agricultural landscapes. Furthermore, the aim is to
show how local landscape management is driven and to identify factors contributing to a better use of public policies through
a participatory process with visions for the future. Systems of landscape classifications such as landscape character assessment
often recognise the specific character of these landscapes, but have so far achieved very little for the preservation of their
locally specific values, nor have they contributed to the development and the creation of new visions for future management.
Such systems could contribute much more if they could be opened to adaptation on a more local scale in communication-led management
planning. 相似文献
2.
Steve Peigneur Ale? ?ula Nace Zidar Fiona Chan-Porter Robert Kirby David Madge Janez Ila? Danijel Kikelj Jan Tytgat 《Marine drugs》2014,12(4):2132-2143
Clathrodin is a marine alkaloid and believed to be a modulator of voltage-gated sodium (NaV ) channels. Since there is an urgent need for small molecule NaV channel ligands as novel therapeutics, clathrodin could represent an interesting lead compound. Therefore, clathrodin was reinvestigated for its potency and NaV channel subtype selectivity. Clathrodin and its synthetic analogues were subjected to screening on a broad range of NaV channel isoforms, both in voltage clamp and patch clamp conditions. Even though clathrodin was not found to exert any activity, some analogues were capable of modulating the NaV channels, hereby validating the pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole alkaloid structure as a core structure for future small molecule-based NaV channel modulators. 相似文献
3.
Tjaša Danev?i? Bla? Stres David Stopar Janez Hacin 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(9):1437-1446
Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO2 fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N2O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH4 were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO2 fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH4 and N2O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH4. The mean fluxes of CO2 ranged between 139 mg m−2 h−1 in the undrained bog and 206 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH4 were between −0.04 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N2O were between 0.43 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO2 and CH4 to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N2O. 相似文献
4.
5.
Barbara Kraigher Janez Hacin Ivan Mahne Ines Mandic-Mulec 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(9):2762-2771
Fen peatlands are specific wetland ecosystems containing high soil organic carbon (SOC). There is a general lack of knowledge about the microbial communities that abound in these systems. We examined the microbial activity and community structure in two fen soils differing in SOC content sampled from the Ljubljana Marsh under different seasonal conditions. Substrate-induced respiration and dehydrogenase activity were used as indicators of total microbial activity. Both methods indicated higher microbial activities in the fen soil with the higher SOC content on all dates of sampling. To determine whether the differences in microbial activity were associated with differences in the microbial community structures, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was performed. Comparison of the T-RFLP profiles revealed very similar community structures in both fens and in the two seasonal extremes investigated. This suggested a stable community structure in the two fens, which is not affected by the SOC content or seasonal variation. In addition, a bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene based clone library was prepared from the fen soil with the higher SOC content. Out of 114 clones analysed, approximately 53% belonged to the Proteobacteria, 23% to the Acidobacteria, 21% to a variety of other taxa, and less than 3% were affiliated with the Firmicutes. 相似文献
6.
Lučić Mavro Jurina Irena Ščančar Janez Mikac Nevenka Vdović Neda 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(2):989-1004
Purpose
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays a crucial role in the transport of natural and anthropogenic substances. However, obtaining a representative sample and a substantial amount of SPM in rivers, where the flux and quantity of SPM are highly episodic, can be a challenging task. To collect a sufficient quantity of SPM for detailed sedimentological and geochemical analysis, a time-integrated mass flux sampler (TIMS) was used for the sampling in a medium size river (the Sava River, Croatia).
Materials and methodsSampling was conducted in August and October 2014, and February and May 2015 under different discharge conditions. The SPM collected by TIMS was characterized with respect to its particle size distribution (PSD), mineral content, and geochemical composition.
Results and discussionPSD analysis identified silt as a dominant size fraction in all samples except in May 2015 when sand prevailed; subsequent chemical dispersion of samples revealed flocculation as the main factor responsible for the resulting PSD. The mineralogical composition of the SPM was quite constant (quartz, calcite, dolomite, feldspar, illite/muscovite, kaolinite), but the contribution of particular mineral varied depending on the sampling period. In May 2015, unusually high calcite content was determined. Though the dominant source is still uncertain, a portion of calcite is likely detrital in origin. Geochemical analyses of collected material revealed significant anthropogenic input of ecotoxic elements (Ni, As, Cr, Pb, Bi, Cd, Zn, Sb) primarily associated with the fine fraction of the Sava River SPM.
ConclusionsA considerable amount of the SPM was collected by TIMS, both during high and low river discharge. Sedimentological analyses of the Sava River SPM suggested the input of material from various sources during different river regimes. Geochemical composition of the SPM followed its sedimentological characteristics—preferential adsorption of trace elements to fine-grained clay mineral particles was documented. Some processes inside TIMS were observed during this investigation—the suspended material captured inside the sampler underwent additional changes. The flocculation of the colloidal material instigated by algal bloom was observed.
相似文献7.
This paper reports a series of ab initio, density functional theory (DFT), and semiempirical molecular orbital (MO) calculations concerning the reaction between the ultimate carcinogen of acrylamide and guanine. Acrylamide--a product of the Maillard reaction--is present in a variety of fried and oven-cooked food. After intake, it is epoxidized by cytochrome P450 2E1 to yield the ultimate carcinogen--glycidamide. Effects of solvation were considered using the Langevin dipoles (LD) model of Florian and Warshel and the solvent reaction field (SCRF) model of Tomasi and co-workers. In silico activation free energies are in very good agreement with the experimental value of 22.8 kcal/mol. This agreement presents strong evidence in favor of the validity of the proposed S N2 reaction mechanism and points to the applicability of quantum chemical methods to studies of reactions associated with carcinogenesis. In addition, insignificant stereoselectivity of the studied reaction was predicted. Finally, the competing reaction of glycidamide with adenine was simulated, and the experimentally observed regioselectivity was successfully reproduced. 相似文献
8.
Machado Rui Godinho Sérgio Guiomar Nuno Gil Artur Pirnat Janez 《Landscape Ecology》2020,35(6):1291-1308
Landscape Ecology - The Portuguese montado is an agro-silvopastoral system, similar to the Spanish dehesa, known for its cultural, economic and ecological value. Despite its importance, contrasting... 相似文献
9.
Milica Marković Tea Zuliani Snežana Belanović Simić Zorana Mataruga Olga Kostić Snežana Jarić Janja Vidmar Radmila Milačič Janez Ščančar Miroslava Mitrović Pavle Pavlović 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(12):3404-3414
Purpose
Riparian zone contamination is a growing problem for several European catchments due to high anthropogenic pressures. This study investigates As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the Sava River riparian zone, characterized by wide agricultural areas, various geological substrates, and different types of industrial pollution. The accumulation and mobility of these elements were studied because they are listed as priority substances in the Water Framework Directive and environmental objectives for surface waters.Materials and methods
Sampling was performed during the sampling campaign of the EU 7th FW-funded GLOBAQUA project in September 2015 during a low-water event. Soil samples were collected along the Sava River at 12 selected sampling sites, from a depth of 0–30 cm, at a distance of 10–15 m from the river bank. The extent of pollution was estimated by determining total and readily soluble element concentrations in the soils. Potential ecological risk and the source of the selected elements in the soils was determined using the enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (RI), and statistical methods such as the principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA).Results and discussion
This study showed that concentrations of the selected elements increase along the Sava. In terms of origin, PCA and MLRA indicated that Cr and Ni in soils are predominantly lithogenic, while As, Cd, Pb, and Zn are both lithogenic and anthropogenic (ore deposits, industry, and agriculture). PCA singled out Cu since its origin in soil is most probably from specific point-source pollution. EF was generally minor to moderate for most of the examined elements, apart from Cu, for which the EF was significant at one sampling site. Overall ecological risk (RI) fell within the low-risk category for most sites, apart from Belgrade sampling site (BEO), where high total Cd content affected individual and overall ecological risk indicators, indicating Cd could represent a considerable ecological risk for the downstream riparian zone.Conclusions
At downstream sites, there was a noticeable increase in PTE content, with Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn exceeding the proposed threshold values for European soils, indicating rising contamination in riparian soils. In terms of the ecological risk, only Cd could pose a potential ecological threat for the downstream riparian zone.10.
To examine Quercus robur establishment and growth in low to intermediate light levels, we analysed regeneration in different microsites created by light asymmetry within gaps in two main floodplain forest regions of Slovenia: Dolinsko and Krakovo. Four years after a mast year in 1995, we installed systematic grids of 1×1 m plots in 11 gaps (0.03–0.40 ha) on wet and dry site variants. In 256 plots, seedling species, cover, density, height, height increment, browsing damage, tree architecture, understory vegetation species and cover, and direct and diffuse light were measured. The average seedling density in all gaps was 15/m2, but the highest densities were found in gap positions with low diffuse light levels (10–20%). Competing understory vegetation was more abundant in positions with high diffuse light. In gaps on dry site variants a combination of low diffuse and high direct light was favourable for regeneration. The results indicated that Q. robur can successfully establish in gaps. Here, both light components were sources of within gap resource heterogeneity, therefore knowledge of light asymmetry can improve regeneration success. 相似文献