The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes?     

Spyra  Marcin  Kleemann  Janina  Cetin  Nuket Ipek  Vázquez Navarrete  Cesar Jesús  Albert  Christian  Palacios-Agundez  Igone  Ametzaga-Arregi  Ibone  La Rosa  Daniele  Rozas-Vásquez  Daniel  Adem Esmail  Blal  Picchi  Paolo  Geneletti  Davide  König  Hannes J.  Koo  HongMi  Kopperoinen  Leena  Fürst  Christine 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(7):1715-1735

Landscape Ecology - Several case studies investigated the role of ecosystem services in participatory planning processes. However, no systematic study exists that cuts across a large number of...  相似文献   

Sex‐dependent responses of perch to changes in water clarity and temperature          下载免费PDF全文

Satu Estlander  Leena Nurminen  Tomáš Mrkvička  Mikko Olin  Martti Rask  Hannu Lehtonen 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2015,24(4):544-552

Rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency of lakes have strong wide ranging effects on fish. Fish responses to various changes in the environment are usually species‐dependent, but responses may also vary within species. In general, large individuals are considered to be more sensitive to environmental variation due to higher energy demand, than smaller individuals. Similarly, large individuals require more food to maintain bodily functions and are thus more sensitive to resource and food scarcity. These size‐specific responses to environmental gradients are also sex‐dependent in species that exhibit sexual size dimorphism (SSD). We studied in enclosures with short‐term experiments how rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency regulate the feeding rates of female and male European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). To explore experimental results, we calculated perch SSD in nine lakes with varying environmental conditions using previously collected field data. The results of the experiments revealed that the combined effect of water transparency and temperature on the feeding rate of fish is gender‐dependent: feeding rate of females decreased more than that of males. The experimental results were also supported by field data that revealed a negative relation between water transparency and the magnitude of SSD in perch. Our results suggest that rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency may potentially decrease fish size in a sex‐dependent manner. As female size is one of the main demographic traits determining the reproductive success of a fish population, changing environments may have unexpected and far‐reaching consequences on fish population dynamics.  相似文献   

Polymerisation of added coniferyl alcohol by inherent xylem peroxidases and its effect on fungal decay resistance of Norway spruce     

Sanni Raiskila  Kurt Fagerstedt  Tapio Laakso  Pekka Saranpää  Mia Löija  Leena Paajanen  Riitta Mahlberg  Anne-Christine Ritschkoff 《Wood Science and Technology》2006,40(8):697-707

It is known that active peroxidase isozymes exist in mature wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and that they remain active for years and are found even in the heartwood (in Scots pine), where all cellular activity has ceased. This peroxidase activity was utilised in the impregnation of wood blocks with a natural monolignol, coniferyl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide. The hypothesis was that the internal wood peroxidases would oxidise the added monolignol and bind it stably into the cell wall matrix, which could hinder fungal decay. Since coniferyl alcohol is not very soluble in water, the impregnation was done under vacuum with an acetone–water solution containing 10% coniferyl alcohol and 0.4 mM H₂O₂ at room temperature (ca. 0.02 g of coniferyl alcohol was added to 1 g of wood). After impregnation, dimers of coniferyl alcohol and free coniferyl alcohol were found in acetone extracts with GC–MS analysis. Penetration of coniferyl alcohol and non-extractable reaction products were studied from the wood blocks with FTIR PAS technique. The wood samples treated were also subjected to a fungal decay test with Coriolus versicolor. This treatment hindered fungal decay in a 60-day experiment and led to a dry weight loss of 8.8% in comparison with 19.9% in the control. The reactions of coniferyl alcohol and H₂O₂ in the presence of peroxidases are discussed as well as the use of monolignols to increase wood decay resistance.  相似文献   

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus leaching after site preparation at a boreal forest clear-cut area   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sirpa Piirainen  Leena Finér  Hannu Mannerkoski  Michael Starr 《Forest Ecology and Management》2007

Clear-cutting followed by mechanical site preparation is the major disturbance influencing nutrient and water fluxes in Fennoscandian boreal forests. The effects of soil harrowing on the fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrogen compounds (organic N, NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻) and water soluble phosphorus (PO₄³⁻) through a podzolic soil were studied in a clear-cut in eastern Finland for 5 years. The old, mixed coniferous stand was clear-cut and stem only harvested in 1996 followed by soil harrowing in 1998 and planting in June 1999. Zero-tension lysimeters were used to collect soil water from below different soil horizons in the three types of microsites that resulted from site preparation treatment: low ridges (25% of clear-cut area), shallow furrows (30%) and the undisturbed soil (45%). After soil harrowing, the leaching of DOC, N and P from below the B-horizon increased compared to pre-treatment levels. However, the increases were short-lasting; 1–2 years for inorganic N and P, and 5 years for DOC and organic N. The highest concentrations were associated with the ridges and lowest with the furrows, reflecting the differences in amount of organic matter present in each microsite type and, for N, to enhanced mineralization and nitrification. Leaching from below the B-horizon over the 5 years following soil harrowing for the whole clear-cut area was 36.5 kg ha⁻¹ for DOC, 0.88 kg ha⁻¹ for NH₄-N, 0.46 kg ha⁻¹ for NO₃-N, 1.24 kg ha⁻¹ for organic N and 0.09 kg ha⁻¹ for PO₄-P. Site preparation increased temporarily the risk for nutrient leaching into watercourses and groundwater from the clear-cut area but soil fertility was not affected since the leached amounts remained small. The main reasons for the observed low leaching values were the rapid recovery of ground vegetation and low N deposition loads.  相似文献   

Contrasting effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on Rubisco activity,chlorophyll fluorescence,needle ultrastructure and secondary metabolites in conifer seedlings     

Sallas L  Luomala EM  Ultriainen J  Kainulainen P  Holopainen JK 《Tree physiology》2003,23(2):97-108

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were grown for 50 days in growth chambers in an ambient or twice ambient carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) at a day/night temperature of 19/12 degrees C or 23/16 degrees C. Although elevated [CO2] (EC) had only slight effects on the growth parameters measured, elevated temperature (ET) increased above ground dry mass of both species. Among treatments, biomass accumulation of both species was greatest in the combined EC + ET treatment. The EC treatment induced thylakoid swelling and increased numbers of plastoglobuli observed in Scots pine needles. Although EC had little effect on Rubisco protein or N concentration of needles, ET had a large effect on N-containing compounds and enhanced N allocation from 1-year-old needles. Terpenoids were more responsive to EC and ET than total phenolics. Generally, terpene concentrations were reduced by EC and increased by ET. Increased terpenoid concentrations in response to ET might be associated with thermotolerance of photosynthesis. In Norway spruce, EC decreased total phenolic concentrations in needles, probably as a result of increased growth. We conclude that, in seedlings of these boreal species, the effects of elevated [CO2] on the studied parameters were small compared with the effects of elevated temperature.  相似文献   

Questionnaire study and postmortem findings in backyard chicken flocks in Finland     

Leena Pohjola  Laila Rossow  Anita Huovilainen  Timo Soveri  Marja-Liisa H?nninen  Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)

Background

Although modern commercial poultry production today is based on large farms and intensive husbandry, keeping backyard poultry has regained popularity in industrialized countries. However, the health status of backyard flocks is still relatively poorly documented. A questionnaire was sent to the owners of 376 backyard poultry flocks (<500 birds) in order to study health management procedures and characterize backyard poultry populations in Finland. Information was also collected on the postmortem findings from non-commercial flocks using necropsy data from the Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira).

Results

Backyard flocks in Finland are small in size (<50 birds), comprising mainly chickens. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the health of such flocks is good, mortality low and vaccinations are not commonly used. Most of the flocks were registered in the national poultry register. The standard biosecurity practices are not generally applied and contact with wild birds, pets and farm animals is frequent, which can make the flocks more prone to infectious diseases. We conducted an 11-year retrospective study of the postmortem necropsy findings of the Evira in order to document the diseases, which caused mortality in backyard chickens in Finland. Necropsy was performed on a total of 132 non-commercial laying hens during 2000 – 2011. The most common postmortem findings were Marek’s disease (27%) and colibacillosis (17%).

Conclusions

This study is the first to report data on characteristics of and management practices for backyard chicken flocks in Finland. Close connections with commercial flocks are rare and farms are usually distantly located suggesting that the risk that these backyard flocks pose to commercial poultry is low.  相似文献   

Longer migration not necessarily the costliest strategy for migrating humpback whales     

Leena Riekkola  Virginia Andrews‐Goff  Ari Friedlaender  Alexandre N. Zerbini  Rochelle Constantine 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(5):937-948

1. Long‐distance migration is a demanding physical activity, and how well animals manage the associated costs will have important implications for their fitness.
2. The Oceania humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) population is recovering from past exploitation markedly slower than the neighbouring east Australian whales. The reasons for this are unknown, although higher energetic costs of longer migratory distances could be a possible explanation. Due to their fully aquatic lives, studying the energy expenditure of these large animals requires methods that do not rely on capturing the animal, such as bioenergetic models.
3. A state‐space model was fitted to satellite data to infer behavioural states for southern migrating whales. Travel speeds and behavioural states were used in a bioenergetic model to estimate the energetic cost of the migration phase. Relative differences in average duration, distance, and energetic costs were compared between migratory routes and distances.
4. Total energy used during migration was a trade‐off between cost of transport (determined by travel speed) and daily maintenance (determined by daily basal metabolic costs). Oceania whales migrating to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas travelled fastest and furthest, 15 and 21% further than whales migrating to the d'Urville Sea (east Australian whales) and Ross Sea, respectively. Therefore, they had the highest cost of transport, 25 and 85% higher than for d'Urville Sea and Ross Sea whales, respectively. However, energy saved in terms of daily maintenance by using fewer days to complete a longer migration resulted in only a 6–7% increase in total energetic cost.
5. The results highlight that travelling further does not necessarily translate into an increase in total energy expenditure for migratory whales, since they can compensate for longer distance by travelling faster. Further research on the energetics of different whale populations could provide insight into the productivity of Southern Ocean feeding regions and help understand the environmental and anthropogenic effects on the whales' energy budgets.

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Evaluation of patterns of removal and associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits in swine breeding herds   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Anil SS  Anil L  Deen J 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,226(6):956-961

OBJECTIVE: To characterize patterns of removal and evaluate the associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits among culled gilts and sows. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Data from a convenience sample of 11 farms pertaining to the removal of 51,795 gilts and sows from January 1991 to December 2002. Mean culling and mortality (death and euthanasia) rates for all inventoried gilts and sows ranged from 23% to 50% and 4.7% to 9.5%, respectively. PROCEDURE: An analysis of categories of removal (cull, death, or euthanasia) and reasons for removal of gilts and sows was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits among culled gilts and sows. RESULTS: Among sows that were removed, the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that died (both death and euthanasia) was > 3 times the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that were culled within 20 days after farrowing. Among lame sows that were removed, the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that died (death and euthanasia) was higher than the proportion of parity > or = 1 sows that were culled within 20 days after farrowing. Among sows that were removed, the proportion of sows that died (deaths and euthanasia) was higher during lactation than nonlactation. This was also observed among lame sows that were removed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The proportion of death among removed sows, especially lame sows, was higher during lactation than nonlactation. Results indicated that risk of death is not the same for sows throughout their lifetime.  相似文献   

Does the mutualism between wood ants (Formica rufa group) and Cinara aphids affect Norway spruce growth?     

Jouni Kilpeläinen  Leena Finér  Seppo Neuvonen  Pekka Niemelä  Timo Domisch  Anita C. Risch  Martin F. Jurgensen  Mizue Ohashi  Liselotte Sundström 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009

Ant–aphid mutualisms, in which ants tend aphids, which in turn provide honeydew to the ants, are widespread and have been shown to affect plant growth. In boreal forests the effect of ant–aphid mutualism on tree growth can vary with stand age, because forest clear-cutting harms the ecologically most dominant ant partner in such mutualisms, wood ants (Formica rufa group). We studied whether the mutualism between wood ants and Cinara aphids affects the growth of boreal Norway spruces (Picea abies L. Karst.) in stands of different ages. In boreal forests, conifers, unlike deciduous trees, have only few defoliating insects, and therefore we expected the growth loss of conifers due to sap sucking by aphids not to be compensated by reduced insect herbivory due to predation by wood ants. The study was conducted in medium-fertile spruce-dominated stands in eastern Finland. We used stands of four different age classes (5, 30, 60 and 100 years) and selected ten spruces heavily visited and ten spruces lightly visited by ants around five medium-sized ant mounds in each stand age class. The access of ants was blocked on half of the trees in both groups. In the 5-year-old stands, the mean annual height growth of individual heavily visited seedlings was 16.3% greater than in the ones where ant traffic was blocked, but this difference was not significant. In the 30-year-old stands, the mean annual radial growth of the heavily visited spruces was 7.3% smaller than in trees where ant traffic was blocked, and this difference was significant. The mutualism had no significant effect on the radial growth in the 60- and 100-year-old stands. In the 60-year-old stands, however, the spruces that were visited heavily prior to the beginning of the study grew significantly less relative to their past growth than the initially lightly visited trees during the study. This suggests that the ant–aphid mutualism may have long-term effects on tree growth. The ant–aphid mutualism had no significant effect on the growth at the stand level. The results indicate that ant–aphid mutualism can have a significant effect on the growth of individual spruces, but the effect is negligible at ecosystem level.  相似文献   

A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt     

Leena Tripathi  John Odipio  Jaindra Nath Tripathi  Geoffrey Tusiime 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(1):9-19

The banana Xanthomonas wilt disease (BXW) has threatened the livelihood of millions of farmers in East Africa. Use of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method of managing this bacterial disease. A reliable and rapid screening method is needed to select resistant banana varieties. An in vitro screening method was developed for early evaluation of Xanthomonas wilt resistance using small tissue culture-grown plantlets. Eight cultivars of banana were screened with sixteen isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum using this method. There were significant differences (P < 0.0001) in susceptibility among the various banana cultivars tested, whereas no significant difference (P = 0.92) in pathogenicity was observed between the pathogen isolates. The cv. Pisang Awak (Kayinja) was found to be highly susceptible and Musa balbisiana resistant. Nakitembe was found to be moderately resistant while cvs Mpologoma, Mbwazirume, Sukali Ndiizi, FHIA-17 and FHIA-25 were susceptible. The susceptibility of these cultivars was further tested in vivo by artificial inoculation of potted plants with similar results. This study shows that an in vitro screening test can serve as a convenient, cheap and rapid screening technique to discriminate BXW-resistant from BXW-susceptible banana cultivars.  相似文献