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Characterization of Treatment Processes and Mechanisms of COD, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal in a Multi-Soil-Layering System 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Kuniaki Sato Tsugiyuki Masunaga Toshiyuki Wakatsuki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(2):213-221
Characteristics of the treatment processes inside a MSL system were investigated by using a laboratory-scale MSL system, which was set up in a D 10 × W 50 × H 73 cm acrylic box enclosing "soil mixture blocks" alternating with permeable zeolite layers. For the study of the treatment processes inside the system, wastewater, with mean concentrations (mg L−1 ) of COD: 70, T-N: 12, T-P: 0.9, was introduced into the system at a loading rate of 1,000 L m−2 d−1 . Treatment processes in the MSL system were different for the COD, P and N pollutants. Eighty percent of COD was removed in the 1st soil layer among the 6 layers, and the removal rate increased as water moved down and finally reached 90% in the last layer of the system. Phosphorus concentration was lower under the soil mixture layers than under the permeable layers, presumably because P was adsorbed mainly by soil and mixed iron particles. The P concentration in water gradually decreased in the lower layers of the system. The concentration of PO4 3- -P was generally lower in the aerated MSL system than in the non-aerated one. NH4 + -N was adsorbed and nitrified in the upper part of the system. The NO3 − -N concentration was lower in water under the soil mixture layers than under the permeable layers, indicating that denitrification mainly occurred in the soil mixture layers. 相似文献
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The particle-size distribution and mineralogical composition of the clay (< 2 μm) and fine-sand (0.25--0.10 mm) fractions in soils of two inland valleys in Abakaliki and Bende, Southeast Nigeria, were investigated to provide basic information on soil-forming processes and agricultural potentials. These soils were silty or clayey, deriving from Cretaceous or Tertiary shale materials. The particle-size distribution and its computation on a clay-free basis revealed relatively remarkable lithologic breaks in a couple of pedons. The effect of lithologic discontinuities on soil mineralogical composition was not, however, conspicuous. Petrographic investigation revealed that quartz predominantly comprised the fine-sand fraction in the soils at both study sites. Nevertheless, the clay mineralogical composition of the soils was a mixture of kaolinite, irregularly interstratified smectite-illite intergrades (S/I), hydroxyl-Al interlayered 2:1 type clays (HICs), vermiculite, smectite, halloysite and illite along with fine-sized quartz in Abakaliki. The soils of Bende predominantly contained smectite, which was partially interlayered with hydroxyl-Al and kaolinite. It is suggested that seasonal floodwater has slowed the disintegration of weatherable clay minerals inherited from the shale, while quartz originating from the sandstone is predominant in the fine-sand fraction. Additionally, a possible soil-forming process observed at the both study sites was ferrolysis, which was indicated by a clear decreasing pattern of HICs downward in the soil profiles. The entry of S/I and vertical distribution patterns for a couple of clay minerals in the pedon suggested that the soils in Abakaliki have developed under the significant influence of aeolian dust delivered by the harmattan. The findings might describe a site-specific deposition pattern of harmattan dusts as well as hydromorphic soil-forming processes in the wetlands of the inland valleys. 相似文献
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Tsugiyuki Masunaga Daisuke Kubota Mitsuru Hotta Toshiyuki Wakatsuki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):347-358
Mineral composition including AI, Ca, Mg, P, S, and Si and relationships between Al and other elements such as Ca, Mg, P, S, and Si in leaves and bark of trees in a tropical rain forest in West Sumatra were studied. Sixty five tree species and 12 unidentified trees were referred to as AI accumulators based on Chenery\s's definition (more than 1 g kg-1 Al in leaves). For most of the Al accumulators, Al concentration in leaves was higher than in bark. However, some members of Euphorbiaceae, Melastomataceae, and Ulmaceae families showed a reverse trend. Most of the non-accumulators also showed a higher Al concentration in bark than in leaves. These results indicated that there was a difference in the mechanism of Al accumulation in tree bodies. Some of the Al accumulators showed an extremely high Al concentration (more than 10 g kg-1) not only in the mature leaves, but also in the new leaves. Analysis of the relationships between the concentration of Al and the other 5 elements in leaves, revealed that Al accumulators could be separated into two groups at the Al concentration of 3 g kg-1. This finding suggested that new criteria based on Al concentration (23 g kg-1) or Al/Ca ratio in leaves could be proposed in order to define Al accumulators, apart from Chenery's criterion. Aluminium accumulators with an Al concentration in leaves lower than 3 g kg-1 (AI accumulators <3 g kg-1) showed the same trend as the non-accumulators in terms of these elemental relationships, while Al accumulators with an Al concentration in leaves higher than 3 g kg-1 (AI accumulators 23 g kg-1) showed a different trend from the non-accumulators. The Al accumulators 23 g kg-1 and the other trees (AI accumulators < 3 g kg-1 and non-accumulators) showed separately positive correlations between the concentrations of AI and Ca (or Mg) in the leaves. This observation seems to be opposite to general findings in plant nutrition, i.e. inhibition of Ca or Mg uptake by AI. A positive correlation between Al and S was also observed for all the trees. The Al accumulators ≥3 g kg-1 showed positive correlations between the concentrations of Al and P (or Si) in the leaves, unlike the other trees. These findings suggested that Al stimulated P, S, or Si accumulation in leaves or Al was transported with P, S, or Si for the Al accumulators ≥3 g kg-1. No negative relationships between Al and the other 5 elements in the leaves were observed for the Al accumulators ≥3 g kg-1. 相似文献
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Kuniaki Sato Noriko Iwashima Toshiyuki Wakatsuki Tsugiyuki Masunaga 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):607-618
Maize (Zea mays L.) cv. T42 was grown in refined sand at low (0.1 μM) and normal (30 μu) concentrations of boron each under low (1 mM), normal (4 mM), and excess (8 mM) supply of calcium. Visible symptoms of boron deficiency which appeared first, were accentuated by calcium deficiency and were least evident when calcium was added in excess. The yield was maximum at normal levels of boron and calcium and was the lowest under boron and calcium deficiency. In maize leaves when both calcium and boron were deficient together the activity of starch phosphorylase increased markedly and that of ribonuclease and polyphenol oxidase also increased. The increase in the calcium content inhibited the starch phosphorylase activity when boron was deficient. The activity of peroxidase was stimulated under boron deficiency at all levels of calcium and that of ATPase was depressed significantly when calcium was deficient alone. A decrease in the tissue boron (except in old leaves) and tissue calcium content as well as sugar and starch contents was observed under the combined deficiency of calcium and boron. Excess calcium at both levels of boron increased the tissue boron and calcium contents and decreased the concentration of starch, sugars, nucleic acids, total and inorganic phosphorus, and the activities of starch phosphorylase and ATPase. The activity of ATPase increased upon the addition of calcium to plants deficient in calcium and boron respectively. The tissue concentration of the element added increased when the element was applied to calcium or boron deficient maize plants. 相似文献
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Dagnenet SULTAN Atsushi TSUNEKAWA Nigussie HAREGEWEYN Enyew ADGO Mitsuru TSUBO Derege T MESHESHA Tsugiyuki MASUNAGA Dagnachew AKLOG Ayele A FENTA Kindiye EBABU 《干旱区科学》2018,10(2):249-263
In developing countries such as Ethiopia, research to develop and promote soil and water conservation practices rarely addressed regional diversity. Using a water-balance approach in this study, we used runoff plots from three sites, each representing a different agro-ecological environment, e.g., high, mid and low in both elevation and rainfall, in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia to examine the runoff response and runoff conservation efficiency of a range of different soil and water conservation measures and their impacts on soil moisture. The plots at each site represented common land use types(cultivated vs. non-agricultural land use types) and slopes(gentle and steep). Seasonal runoff from control plots in the highlands ranged 214–560 versus 253–475 mm at midlands and 119–200 mm at lowlands. The three soil and water conservation techniques applied in cultivated land increased runoff conservation efficiency by 32% to 51%, depending on the site. At the moist subtropical site in a highland region, soil and water conservation increased soil moisture enough to potentially cause waterlogging, which was absent at the lowrainfall sites. Soil bunds combined with Vetiveria zizanioides grass in cultivated land and short trenches in grassland conserved the most runoff(51% and 55%, respectively). Runoff responses showed high spatial variation within and between land use types, causing high variation in soil and water conservation efficiency. Our results highlight the need to understand the role of the agro-ecological environment in the success of soil and water conservation measures to control runoff and hydrological dynamics. This understanding will support policy development to promote the adoption of suitable techniques that can be tested at other locations with similar soil, climatic, and topographic conditions. 相似文献