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Archaeologists often encounter problems in interpreting the genesis of layers and the context in which specific materials occur in excavations. Field visits of geologists, soil scientists or biologists can solve a number of questions, but often, problems remain that only can be studied by microscopic research as, for example, soil micromorphology and palynology. In the past, the employment of these two disciplines, one in earth science and one in biology, generally occurred independently of each other, also in interdisciplinary research and contract research. Consequently, results could not always be correlated, permitting only a restricted integration of data. It was realised that soils, as archives, contain much more information than generally utilised. A skillful employment and balancing of both specialties create a real integrated approach that offers a substantially improved interpretation potential without hardly additional efforts and costs. The results of 7 years of experience were very stimulating and presented here.In this article, the essence of soil micromorphology and palynology applied to archaeology is briefly outlined and illustrated by selected examples of the different research themes covered, showing the possibilities and results of integrated research. Both specialties generate essential information that, when combined and integrated properly, lead to improved understanding of the landscape genesis and human activities in the past. To be able to employ the full interpretive potential of this integrated approach, the research procedures followed by both specialties had to be compared. The key requirements for optimal integration of each other's databases comprised a combined effort to compare the pros and cons during the first four steps of the research procedure: defining research questions, field survey, selection of sampling locations and sampling. This approach enabled optimal correlation of the individual results, made cross-checking and references possible and led to higher levels of interpretation that would not have been possible otherwise. The integrated research elucidated lacunae in the other's discipline, resulting in a distinctly more complete reconstruction of paleoenvironments and past land uses, important research themes of archaeologists for the specialties concerned. 相似文献
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文化遗址区古土壤特性及古环境研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分析古土壤性质是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤性质来反映古环境和古人类活动日益成为国内外研究的热点。系统地总结了近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤的土壤粒度、土壤微形态、土壤元素、土壤磁化率、多环芳烃、动植物遗存等在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明上述研究方法有效地反映古环境信息和古人类活动。提出了应借鉴相关研究指标,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,加强对文化遗址区土壤的分类研究,逐步建立考古土壤学这一新的学科分支。 相似文献
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The lower Ica Valley on the hyperarid south coast of Peru is today largely depopulated and bereft of cultivation. Yet its extensive archaeological remains attest to substantial pre-Hispanic populations. We provide a case-study of Pre-Hispanic culturally induced environmental change through combining field archaeological and geomorphological survey with archaeobotanical, sedimentary and soil micromorphology approaches. Our investigations reveal that, although major El Niño climatic perturbations occurring around the end of the Early Intermediate Period are part of the explanation, more gradual, human-induced reduction in riparian dry-forest vegetation also lie behind major landscape change, which culminated during the Middle Horizon. 相似文献
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古土壤微形态分析是获取古人类活动信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤微形态特征反映古人类活动和古环境日益成为国内外研究的热点。总结近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤微形态分析在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明土壤微形态分析能够有效地反映古人类活动和古环境信息。提出了应系统建立文化遗址区古土壤微形态特征的诊断指标体系,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上建立文化遗址区不同古人类活动区对应的土壤微形态特征数字图像库,丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,提高土壤微形态分析在考古学领域的研究精度和准确度。 相似文献
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Peru's Osmore drainage, also known as the Moquegua Valley, is one of the driest regions on Earth, yet agricultural development has supported complex societies in the basin for almost 4000 yrs because of canal construction and irrigation. We compare the distinct agrarian and settlement systems of three coeval archaeological cultures in this arid region, Huaracane, Wari and Tiwanaku, and how each adapted—or failed to adapt—to geomorphic and climatic hazards. Systematic settlement pattern survey and radiocarbon dating along with geomorphological analysis of flood history and riverine processes permit detailed discussion of agrarian strategies during the Formative (1800 BC–AD 500) and Middle Horizon (AD 500–1000) periods, with distinct settlement “niches” in terms of agricultural practices and longitudinal position in the drainage, and lateral location relative to the floodplain. These adaptive strategies each manifest distinct “bounds of adaptability” to natural hazard, climate events and social stressors, and thus varying risk profiles. Besides the continual risk associated with sustained droughts, the Atacama and Peruvian Coastal Desert and culturally connected highland Altiplano are also vulnerable to the vagaries of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) leading to catastrophic floods in the mid-valley during warm phase ENSOs, in tandem with simultaneous hazards in other regions inhabited by these transregional cultures. By comparing the archaeological record of Wari, Huaracane, and Tiwanaku culture settlements with geomorphic signatures of catastrophic El Niños, we show that the viability of each cultural sequence depended on specific relationships to floodplain streambank erosion, construction and reworking over multiple time scales. 相似文献
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本文主要分析铁犁铧出现以来,特别是秦汉以后,铁犁和牛耕被我国古代中原地区推广和广泛使用,犁耕技术向周边及边远的地区发散传播。文章借用中国人口史、中国移民史的研究成果和已有的农业考古资料,着重研究“人”这个犁耕技术的传播载体的迁移动向,来全面诠释犁耕技术的传播路径。 相似文献
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The primary aim of this paper is to determine the spatial distribution of soil surface properties using high and medium resolution imagery data. Identification of these properties is important for determining environmental conditions resulting from anthropogenic influences, and for identifying land degradation processes within the study area which is an archaeologically important region situated to the north of Aksum (northern Ethiopia). Site specific field data were used to identify and verify the spatial distribution of soil surface properties such as soil colour, texture, and organic matter content obtained with IKONOS and ASTER images. As a result, distribution maps present the preliminary associations between land cover and soil characteristics as well as the location of archaeological sites. For all Aksumite cultural phases, the general pattern of ancient settlement remained the same and is similar to that of today: residential structures were built on well drained, high relief terrain. 相似文献
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