平面二维数模研究闸下淤积的缺陷     

欧剑  符宁平  张晓艳  祝中昊 《中国农村水利水电》2007,(10):5-7

以姚江大闸和武障河闸为例，对河口水域建闸后的闸下淤积的机理进行了研究。通过应用二维悬沙模型的模拟计算，分析了数学模型在模拟近闸段的淤积时存在的缺陷，对产生问题的原因进行了初步探讨。由于闸下淤积问题存在明显的时空性和区域性特征，应积极研究解决措施。  相似文献   

不同灌水下限设施番茄土壤CO2排放特征及其影响因素研究     

韩昌东  叶旭红  马玲  马建辉  邹洪涛  张玉龙 《灌溉排水学报》2020,(2):46-55

【目的】探讨不同灌水下限设施土壤CO2排放特征及其影响因素,为调控设施土壤水分和碳排放提供理论依据。【方法】在番茄生育期内采用LI-8100A土壤碳通量自动测定仪观测不同灌水下限[20 kPa(D20)、30 kPa(D30)、40 kPa(D40)]下的土壤CO2排放速率,并分析其影响因素。【结果】在番茄生育期内,不同灌水下限设施土壤CO2排放速率变化趋势基本一致,D20处理最高,平均速率为2.759μmol/(m2·s),其次是D30处理,为2.601μmol/(m2·s),D40处理最低,为2.559μmol/(m2·s)。在土壤CO2累积排放量方面,D20处理显著高于其他2个处理,而D30和D40处理之间无显著差异。就单因素模型而言,不同灌水下限处理的土壤CO2排放速率与15 cm土壤温度呈指数回归关系,且均达显著水平(P<0.05);不同灌水下限处理的土壤CO2排放速率与15 cm土壤含水率均呈显著二次回归关系(P<0.05);与单因素模型相比,土壤温度和土壤含水率的双因素复合模型(68.5%~83.8%)可以更好地解释土壤CO2排放的变化。土壤温度敏感系数Q10值在1.442~1.498之间,其中D20处理最敏感,D40处理最不敏感。相关分析结果表明,土壤CO2累积排放量与0~20 cm土层土壤有机质量、pH值、全氮量、速效磷量、速效钾量、碱解氮量和微生物量碳呈显著相关关系。采用PCA分析提取出的2个主成分累积贡献率为85.79%。【结论】灌水下限影响设施土壤CO2的排放,其中D20处理促进了设施土壤CO2的排放。  相似文献   

基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐利岗  王怀博  鲍子云  李金泽 《排灌机械工程学报》2020,38(5):523-529

以宁杞7号枸杞为研究对象,在宁夏同心县开展2 a田间试验.设置4个关键控水期、3个控水水平共8个处理,研究枸杞不同生育期不同水分下限条件下根区土壤含水率、叶片光合生理指标、产量与品质变化;分析其耗水规律与水分利用效率,提出基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度.结果表明:不同水分处理枸杞根区20~60 cm土层土壤含水率最大;叶片气孔导度随土壤下限升高而增大,高水分下限处理的蒸腾速率相对较大,叶片水分利用效率则相反;生育期耗水量随土壤水分下限升高而增大,2 a增幅分别为10.8%和12.8%,平均耗水量为386.6~463.2 mm,夏果期耗水量最大且差异具有统计学意义,是关键需水期.2 a均为处理S5的产量最大分别为2 208.15和2 571.30 kg/hm²,水分利用效率最高为0.39 kg/m³;水分处理对蛋白质含量影响差异不具有统计学意义,低土壤水分下限的枸杞多糖含量相对较高;全生育期分为6个灌水期,其中萌芽期灌水(春水)为375 m³/hm²;春梢生长期、花期、夏果期、秋果期的土壤质量含水率下限分别为50%θ_f(θ_f为田间持水率),65%θ_f,65%θ_f,55%θ_f,而上限为95%θ_f;休眠期冬灌量为450 m³/hm².  相似文献   

Reproductive season and female maturity size of coconut crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Birgus latro</Emphasis> on Hatoma Island,southern Japan     

Taku Sato  Kenzo Yoseda 《Fisheries Science》2008,74(6):1277-1282

Information about reproductive season, size at sexual maturity and size-dependent reproductive potentials is important for efficient resource management. Such information is necessary to determine seasonal closures and minimum legal size limits. To conserve resources of coconut crab Birgus latro, which are in danger of extinction due to excessive exploitation, their reproductive season, female size at functional maturity and relationship between female size and reproductive potentials were investigated. The reproductive season started in early June and ended late August, and females with higher reproductive potentials showed a tendency to spawn early in the reproductive season. The prohibition of exploiting the resources during the reproductive season, especially early in the season, would be appropriate for sustainability of high reproductive outputs. Fifty percent of investigated females matured functionally at 24.5-mm thoracic length (TL). However, the size at which all females reached functional maturity was 32.3 mm TL, and there was a wide variation in the size of functional maturity among individuals. We must determine minimum legal size by taking the variation into account to allow all individuals to mate at least once before they are caught, which may prevent serious depression in reproductive rate and genetic diversity.  相似文献   

黑土区范围界定及水土保持防治策略     

王岩松  王玉玺  李洪兴 《中国水土保持》2007,(12):11-13

采用"3S"技术与野外踏勘、抽样调查与定位研究、科学试验、生态理论与经济理论相结合的集成研究和现有科研成果整合的技术路线,以GIS平台叠置分析技术为支撑,开展了典型黑土区、东北黑土区(广义黑土区)的范围界定和水土保持区划,东北黑土区面积为103.02万km2,其中水蚀面积17.95万km2、风蚀面积3.40万km2、冻融侵蚀面积6.24万km2,针对各分区的特征提出了基本的防治策略。  相似文献   

Carbohydrate composition in relation to structural stability, compactibility and plasticity of two soils in a long-term experiment   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

B. C. Ball  M. V. Cheshire  E. A. G. Robertson  E. A. Hunter 《Soil & Tillage Research》1996,39(3-4):143-160

The effects of tillage on soil organic carbon content, carbohydrate content, monosaccharide composition, aggregate stability, compactibility and plasticity were investigated in a field experiment on a gleysol and on a cambisol under winter barley in South-East Scotland. Two long-term treatments (direct drilling and conventional mouldboard ploughing for 22 years) were compared with short-term direct drilling and broadcast sowing plus rotavation for 5 years. Carbohydrate released sequentially to cold water, hot water, 1.0 M HCl and 0.5 M NaOH was determined after hydrolysis as reducing sugar equivalent to glucose in both fresh and air-dried samples. All other measurements were made on dry soils only. About 3% of the soluble carbohydrate was extracted by cold water, 10% by hot water, 12% by HCl and 75% by NaOH from both the dry and fresh soils. The total reducing sugars of the fractions were proportional to the total organic carbon determined by dichromate oxidation or C analysis. Organic carbon and carbohydrates were concentrated near the surface of the direct drilled soil, but were more uniformly distributed with depth in the ploughed soil. The surface soil under direct drilling was more stable, less compactible and had greater plasticity limits than under ploughing. However, particle size distributions were unaffected by tillage so that differences in soil properties were attributed to differences in the quantity and quality of organic matter. Differences in compactibility, structural stability and plasticity limits between depths and tillage treatments correlated with total carbon and with total carbohydrates. The hot water extractable carbohydrate fraction correlated best with aggregate stability and the NaOH fraction correlated best with compactibility and plastic limit. Both fractions were greatest in the long-term direct drilled soil. The hot water fraction had a galactose plus mannose over arabinose plus xylose ratio of 1.0–1.6 in comparison to 0.4–0.7 in the NaOH fraction indicating that the microbial contribution within the hot water-soluble fraction was the greater. The hot-water fraction was likely to contain more exocellular microbial polysaccharides involved in the stabilizing of soil aggregates. The hot-water and NaOH carbohydrate fractions may be good indicators of soil organic matter quality relevant to the preservation of good soil physical conditions.  相似文献   

基于水量平衡的宁夏引黄灌区广义生态耗水量计算     

韩宇平  阮本清  邱林 《灌溉排水学报》2006,25(5):14-16,20

基于区域的水量平衡理论,对宁夏引黄灌区的广义生态耗水量进行计算,同时对灌区生态耗水量与灌区引黄水量的关系也进行了研究。研究结果表明:灌区各年的广义生态耗水总量差别并不大,没有表现出非常强烈的上升或下降趋势,耗水量的小范围变动与灌区引黄水量关系不明显。  相似文献   

中国及其苹果主要贸易国农药最大残留限量(MRLs)的比较分析     

张云婷  张文  张潞生  陈卫文  张利  罗磊 《北京农学院学报》2009,24(4):72-76

农药残留是当前食品安全中一个十分严重的问题,世界各国或地区都十分重视农药残留限量标准的制定,并且把严格的限量标准作为影响食品贸易最主要的技术性贸易壁垒。中国是世界苹果贸易大国,苹果农药残留直接影响着中国在国际上的苹果贸易,为了使苹果生产和经营者更好了解国际市场和主要贸易国的苹果农药残留现状,本研究不仅对中国和苹果主要贸易国的苹果农药最大残留限量进行比较分析,也对中国苹果主要贸易国之间的苹果农药最大残留限量也进行比较分析;借此为中国制定苹果安全限量标准提供有价值的参考,以促进中国苹果产业的发展。  相似文献   

全球气候变暖对中国种植制度可能影响:VI.未来气候变化对中国种植制度北界的可能影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨晓光  刘志娟  陈阜 《中国农业科学》2011,44(8)

[目的]气候变化已是一个全球性的问题,中国未来气候将继续变暖,这一变化将对中国的农业生产造成一定的影响.本文旨在研究未来气候变化对中国种植制度北界、冬小麦种植北界、雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界以及热带作物种植北界的影响.[方法]依据全国种植制度气候区划指标、冬小麦种植北界指标、雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界指标以及热带作物种植北界指标,采用经典的农业气候指标计算方法,分析与1950s-1980年相比,未来30年(2011-2040年)及本世纪中叶(2041-2050年)全国种植制度界限北界、冬小麦种植北界、雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产的种植北界、以及热带作物的种植北界的变化.[结果](1)与1950s一1980年相比,20112040年和2041-2050年的一年两熟带和一年三熟带种植北界都不同程度向北移动,其中一年一熟区和一年二熟区分界线,空间位移最大的省(市)为陕西省和辽宁省,且2041-2050年种植北界北移情况更为明显;一年两熟区和一年三熟区分界线,空间位移最大的区域在云南省、贵州省、湖北省、安徽省、江苏省和浙江省境内,且2041-2050年种植北移情况更为明显.在不考虑品种变化、社会经济等方面因素的前提下,这些区域由于气温升高种植制度由一年一熟变为一年两熟、由一年两熟变为一年三熟,区域内单位面积周年粮食产量可不同程度提高.(2)与1950s-1980年相比,2011-2040年和2041-2050年的冬小麦的种植北界在辽宁省、甘肃省和宁夏回族自治区都不同程度向北移动,在青海省冬小麦种植界限为西扩明显.在不考虑其它因素影响的前提下,该区域由于冬小麦替代春小麦可带来单位面积产量的提高.热带作物安全种植北界在广西省和广东省境内北移情况比较明显.而未来降水量的增加将使得大部分地区雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界向西北方向移动.[结论]到2011-2040年和2041-2050年,气候变化将会造成全国种植制度界限不同程度北移、冬小麦种植北界北移西扩、热带作物种植北界北移.而未来降水量的增加将使得大部分地区雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界向西北方向移动.  相似文献   

基于作物需水机制的远程无线自动化喷灌系统研究     

李铁成  何军  刘展  李家明 《安徽农业科学》2017,45(24)

我国水资源短缺与水资源浪费并存的现象十分严重,而农业用水效率不高,农田灌溉水的利用效率低下就是其中之一。其原因主要是灌溉方式不合理,造成水资源浪费严重、利用效率低下,加剧了水资源的短缺。近年来,国家对节灌技术的发展愈加重视,出现了许多新型的节水灌溉装置,提出基于作物需水机制的远程无线自动化喷灌系统,是以单片机为自动化控制中枢,采用Arduino技术设计,可以实时监测大田不同部分的缺水情况,并对缺水部分田地定点喷灌直至达到适宜含水量范围,从根本上改变了以人为经验为依据的粗犷的灌溉方式,可以节省大量的资源。  相似文献