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An in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T. harzianum (Th2), T. harzianum (Th1), T. koningii (Tk) and T. viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini-bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1-litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un-spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 degrees C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re-isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re-isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un-spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1-litre and 5-litre mini-bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre(-1), or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg(-1), reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz+carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5-litre compost bags as in the 1-litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5-litre bags. The in vivo mini-bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re-isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn. 相似文献
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豆谷类及其制品辐照杀虫防霉剂量要求研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]研究豆谷类及其制品辐照杀虫防霉工艺,阐述吸收剂量确定的依据。[方法]根据国内外研究结果和国际上有关辐照豆谷类及其制品杀虫防霉工艺规范中的规定,采用60Co-γ射线对豆谷类及其制品进行辐照杀虫防霉处理。[结果]试验得出,确定豆类、谷类辐照杀虫最低有效剂量为0．3kGy,豆类、谷类及其制品类辐照防霉最低有效剂量为3．0kGy,最高耐受剂量为7．0kGy。确定豆谷类及其制品辐照杀菌的适宜剂量范围为3．0～5．0kGy。[结论]研究可为提高优质谷类及其制品卫生质量品质、规范辐照加工生产提供参考依据。 相似文献
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Over‐winter mortality, that is, winterkill, reduces cereal crop competitive ability and yield. While management and environmental variables are known to affect winterkill, the extent to which weeds contribute to increased winterkill is largely unknown. Winter annual weeds may increase winterkill through resource competition and by increasing incidence of and damage from plant pathogens that cause winterkill. We evaluated the impact of summer annual (Avena fatua) and winter annual (Bromus tectorum) weeds on the over‐winter survival rate of winter wheat over three winters, during which plots were covered with snow. Pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale), a winterkill pathogen known to infect B. tectorum and winter wheat, was common in wheat stands. In weed‐free treatments, mortality rates were initially near zero, but increased by nearly 45% in each subsequent winter, presumably due to an increase in snow mould disease in continuously cropped winter wheat. Whereas A. fatua infestation had no impact on crop survival rates, winter wheat survival in B. tectorum‐infested plots was 50% less than the weed‐free control in the second and third years of this study. Among B. tectorum‐infested plots, winter wheat over‐winter survival declined with increasing weed seed produced in the previous summer. Overall, this study demonstrated that winter annual weed infestations can reduce crop stand densities below replanting thresholds by reducing fall‐sown cereal winter survival. The effects of winter annual weeds on winter wheat may be meditated by increased proliferation of snow mould disease. 相似文献
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Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production 
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下载免费PDF全文 T. Cogan R. Hawkey E. Higgie M. R. F. Lee E. Mee D. Parfitt J. Raj S. Roderick N. Walker P. Ward J. M. Wilkinson 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(4):601-613
Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling. 相似文献
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Arild Larsen 《Euphytica》1994,77(3):231-237
Summary Perennial grasses are vital for Norwegian agricultural production. The nature and extent of winter damage on grasslands is highly dependent on climatic conditions, and determines both persistency and yield. Physical stresses such as frost and ice encasement predominate in coastal regions with an unstable winter climate, while biotic stresses such as low temperature fungi are more common in the inland regions. Development of hardening depends on plant adaptation and climatic conditions during autumn and winter. New winter-hardy cultivars should be bred for wide adaptation to winter stresses. The genetic background for the most important character, freezing tolerance, seems to be of polygenic nature with mainly additive gene action. Selection for increased freezing tolerance has been effective over generations in grasses, and in most grass species ample variation still exists to be exploited by breeding. However, in some species like perennial ryegrass, modern biotechnological methods should be used to improve freezing tolerance and winter hardiness. 相似文献
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产几丁质酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及其对玉米秸秆中优势霉菌的抑制作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究利用产几丁质酶菌株抑制玉米秸秆中优势霉菌的生长,为提高秸秆利用率提供理论依据。利用胶体几丁质培养基从玉米秸秆样品中筛选出一株产几丁质酶菌株BS-1,同时将优势霉菌进行分离、纯化。通过对BS-1菌株和优势霉菌形态学观察以及16 S r DNA或18 S r DNA序列测定进行菌种鉴定。利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定BS-1菌株发酵24、48、72、96、120、144、168 h的几丁质酶活性,以及牛津杯法检测BS-1菌株发酵液对玉米秸秆中优势霉菌的抑制作用。结果显示,玉米秸秆样品中分离出的BS-1菌株经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),4株优势霉菌分别为卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。BS-1菌株在37℃下培养120 h产几丁质酶活性达到最高值3.23 U/m L。BS-1菌株发酵液对玉米秸秆中4株优势霉菌均有明显抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别为18.13、18.48、17.55、15.68 mm。由此可见,筛选到的产几丁质酶枯草芽孢杆菌BS-1能够有效抑制玉米秸秆中的卷枝毛霉、尖孢镰刀菌、米曲霉、黑曲霉4株优势霉菌生长。 相似文献
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李学勤 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,(5)
汉简、钱范的纪年中往往有超出了史书所见到的年号长度的现象,本文认为这种现象是由于年号变更的通知不能及时到达造成的。 相似文献
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