Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei          下载免费PDF全文

Daniel C. Dauwalter  John D. Walrath 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(2):606-616

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.  相似文献   

锦屏拱坝基础变形模量多目标非线     

彭辉  刘德富  陈和春 《中国农村水利水电》2005,(11):62-65

基础变形模量对坝体的安全运行和受力有着十分重要的意义，特别是高拱坝，需要良好的基础变形模量，但是在一定的荷载运行工况下，并不是意味着基础变形模量越高坝体应力、稳定、变形状况就越好。基于上述观点，利用多目标非线性规划方法对锦屏拱坝最优基础变形模量进行了研究，给出了拱坝在最优基础变形模量条件下坝体应力、稳定、变形及基础处理费用等特征值。研究表明：经过基础变形模量的优化，能有效改善坝体应力、位移、稳定等多项指标。  相似文献   

Dispersal and tributary immigration by juvenile coho salmon contribute to spatial expansion during colonisation     

Joseph H. Anderson  George R. Pess  Peter M. Kiffney  Todd R. Bennett  Paul L. Faulds  William I. Atlas  Thomas P. Quinn 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2013,22(1):30-42

Anadromous fishes are frequently restricted by artificial barriers to movement such as dams and culverts, so measuring dispersal helps identify sites where improved connectivity could promote range expansion and population viability. We used a combination of DNA‐based parentage analysis and mark–recapture techniques to evaluate dispersal by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in a population in the initial stages of colonisation following installation of fish passage structures at a previously impassable dam on the Cedar River, WA, USA. The spatial distribution of individuals within maternal families revealed that dispersal was common. Among the offspring of radio‐tagged mothers, 28% were collected outside the spawning reach and dispersed up to 6.3 km (median = 1.5 km). Most juveniles captured in a tributary (Rock Creek, where few adults spawned) had immigrated from the Cedar River and represented many different families. Juvenile dispersal therefore provided a secondary phase of spatial expansion following initial colonisation by adults. Consistent with the condition‐dependent dispersal hypothesis, juveniles that dispersed farther upstream in the tributary were larger than fish collected near the tributary mouth. Overall, the results demonstrated widespread dispersal in a system with low coho salmon densities, and this might increase the rate of population growth if it reduces the effects of local density dependence. By implication, juveniles can take advantage of rearing habitats reconnected through barrier removal, even when such areas are located several kilometres from adult breeding grounds.  相似文献   

Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead     

C. E. Petrosky  H. A. Schaller 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2010,19(4):520-536

Petrosky CE, Schaller HA. Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 520–536. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Improved understanding of the relative influence of ocean and freshwater factors on survival of at‐risk anadromous fish populations is critical to success of conservation and recovery efforts. Abundance and smolt to adult survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead decreased dramatically coincident with construction of hydropower dams in the 1970s. However, separating the influence of ocean and freshwater conditions is difficult because of possible confounding factors. We used long time‐series of smolt to adult survival rates for Chinook salmon and steelhead to estimate first year ocean survival rates. We constructed multiple regression models that explained the survival rate patterns using environmental indices for ocean conditions and in‐river conditions experienced during seaward migration. Survival rates during the smolt to adult and first year ocean life stages for both species were associated with both ocean and river conditions. Best‐fit, simplest models indicate that lower survival rates for Chinook salmon are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity during the smolt migration or multiple passages through powerhouses at dams. Similarly, lower survival rates for steelhead are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity and warmer river temperatures. Given projections for warming ocean conditions, a precautionary management approach should focus on improving in‐river migration conditions by increasing water velocity, relying on increased spill, or other actions that reduce delay of smolts through the river corridor during their seaward migration.  相似文献   

A spatial linkage between dams and non-native fish species in Hokkaido, Japan     

M. Han  M. Fukushima  T. Fukushima 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2008,17(3):416-424

Abstract –  The native and non-native freshwater fish species richness as well as the proportion of native fish species to overall fish species were examined to test a hypothesis of a spatial linkage between the distributions of dams and non-native fishes based on survey data collected in rivers and streams in Hokkaido, Japan. Non-native fish species have steadily increased in Hokkaido since the mid 1970s, as indicated by the decreasing proportion of native fish species per fish survey. Non-native species richness was significantly higher in areas above dams (i.e., reservoirs and their inlet streams) compared to areas without dams. As a result, the proportion of native fish species was lower above dams. This proportion was lower in developed and agricultural areas compared with forest areas, although both native and non-native species richness were higher in areas with development and agriculture. Non-native cyprinids, catfish and snakehead occurred primarily in a particular river basin with the largest drainage area, the longest history of reclamation and highest human population in the island. Non-native salmonids on the other hand, occurred in forest areas at higher elevations and their occurrence was associated with the existence of dams. There was a spatial linkage between the distribution of dams and non-native species, although it was applicable only to salmonids. The management of dams and reservoirs needs a strategy to prevent further expansion of exotic salmonids such as rainbow and brown trout. These species can be a significant threat to native Japanese salmonids as a result of various biological mechanisms.  相似文献   

Damming insights: Variable impacts and implications of river regulation on platypus populations     

Tahneal Hawke  Gilad Bino  Richard T. Kingsford 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(3):504-519

1. River regulation has extensively changed the ecology and hydrology of rivers worldwide, particularly downstream of dams, affecting the viability of freshwater species. The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semiaquatic monotreme, endemic to eastern Australia, with a distribution overlapping Australia’s most regulated rivers.
2. Dams and changes to flow regimes have affected critical platypus habitat, yet our understanding of the impacts of these threatening processes on platypus ecology remains poor. Over a period of 3 years (2016–2018), platypuses were surveyed across three regions (Upper Murray, Snowy, and Border river regions), above and below large dams, and in adjacent unregulated rivers, comparing captures, demographics, abundances, and densities. We hypothesized that platypus captures and abundances would be lower downstream of dams, owing to altered flow regimes that have secondary impacts on the demographics of these populations.
3. In the Upper Murray Rivers region, captures were significantly lower in the Mitta Mitta River below Dartmouth Dam, compared with captures upstream of the dam and the unregulated Ovens River, probably reflecting significant alteration to the seasonality and temperature of flows caused by the dam. Conversely, there were no significant differences in captures or abundance and density estimates above and below the dams in the Snowy or Border river regions, where the extent of regulation was less severe, probably as a result of restoration efforts in recent years on some rivers.
4. Low proportions of juveniles on the Snowy River and Mitta Mitta River downstream of the dams, compared with upstream, raises concerns of other impacts of altered flow regimes to platypus breeding success and juvenile survival, given the sensitivity of juveniles to unseasonably high flows.
5. The results highlighted the potential impact of river regulation, with direct implications for the management of regulated rivers, providing opportunities to mitigate impacts through improved management of the seasonality and temperature of flows, to the benefit of platypuses and other freshwater species.

  相似文献   

无定河淤地坝拦沙措施时间变化的分析与对策   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

许炯心  孙季 《水土保持学报》2006,20(2):26-30

运用大量实测资料对无定河淤地坝及其拦沙效应进行了研究。坝地面积增加率在20世纪70年代达到峰值。80年代发生显著衰减，90年代进一步衰减。用水文法对无定河流域水土保持措施的减沙效益进行了估算．结果表明，减沙效益从70年代开始急剧增大，并在70年代末、80年代初达到峰值，随后有减小的趋势。历年新增坝地面积从60年代中期开始急剧增大，并在70年代初达到峰值．随后有减小的趋势。由于后续淤地坝的建设未能及时跟上，新增坝地面积在70年代末和80年代中大幅度减少后．随着原有的淤地坝逐渐淤满失效，淤地坝减沙效益衰减。在这一因素的影响下，无定河产沙量在70年代开始大幅度减小，但在1986～1996年，修建于60年代末、70年代和80年代初的淤地坝相继淤满失效之后．后续淤地坝建设未能跟上，故无定河产沙量有增加的趋势。基于本研究，我们建议．在无定河的水土保持中应加强淤地坝建设，实现淤地坝的持续拦沙效应，才能使入黄泥沙减少的趋势能够长期持续下去。  相似文献   

基于粮食需求的黄土高原地区淤地坝建设规模与论证   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

冉大川  王正杲  胡建军  马勇  庞小明 《干旱地区农业研究》2005,23(2):130-136

从黄土高原地区粮食需求、总来沙量和建设能力三方面论证了黄河流域黄土高原地区淤地坝的建设规模。结果表明:黄土高原地区到2020年共需布设淤地坝16.3万座,其中骨干坝2.7万座,中小型淤地坝13.6万座;到2020年黄土高原地区将新增加坝地面积49.5万hm2,可退耕陡坡地297万hm2,退耕面积占2000年黄土高原地区坡耕地总面积823万hm2的36%。因此,《黄土高原地区水土保持淤地坝规划》提出的到2020年的淤地坝建设目标切实可行。  相似文献   

黄土高原梯田和淤地坝坡沟治理措施对产流产沙的协同效应     

白璐璐  时鹏  李占斌  李鹏  王雯  赵准  董敬兵 《农业工程学报》2023,39(13):96-104

黄土高原地区的梯田和淤地坝措施发挥了重要的水土保持功能,然而现有的研究主要关注单个措施的减水减沙效应,对坡沟治理措施综合配置协同调控水沙过程的作用一直认识不清。因此,该研究为解析梯田和淤地坝措施对水沙过程的协同调控效应,构建了10个坡沟系统物理模型,设置了对照组（CO）,单一措施组（梯田措施（T0）,4种因淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域的坡长缩短（L1、L2、L3和L4））和组合措施组（梯田与4种因淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域的坡长缩短的综合配置（T1、T2、T3和T4））,进行降雨强度为90 mm/h的室内模拟降雨试验,量化不同试验方案下坡沟系统的产流产沙过程。结果表明：1）梯田措施和淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域坡长缩短均有效调控了坡沟系统的产流产沙过程,梯田能分别减少46.30%～83.59%的径流总量和25.82%～82.41%的泥沙总量,淤地坝导致坡沟区域坡长缩短能分别减少7.87%～33.42%的径流总量和10.20%～30.57%的泥沙总量。2）不同试验方案下坡沟系统的产沙率和产流率之间满足线性关系,而累计产沙量和累计产流量满足幂函数关系。3）综合措施配置发挥了“1+1> 2”的水土保持...  相似文献   

考虑雷诺数和形状影响的坝岸根石水平水流拖曳力系数修正   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

兰雁  沈细中  邹瑞  杨昌明  蒋思奇  罗立群 《农业工程学报》2019,35(5):173-182

对于水利工程坝岸散抛根石冲揭失稳,水流作用下根石的拖曳力是重要的力学分析参数。该文基于黄河坝岸散抛根石的形状参数特征,利用水槽试验量测球体及不同形状块体受水流作用的水平拖曳力,研究雷诺数、物体形状指标与拖曳力相关关系及变化规律,明确影响因素,率定双因素影响下块体的拖曳力系数函数。结果表明,水下球体或近似球状物体的拖曳力系数,基本不受水流及物体形态影响,拖曳力系数趋于0.40～0.56;有棱角块体的水流拖曳力系数,块体雷诺数小于3×104的影响区域,系数函数呈双曲线趋势变化;块体雷诺数大于3×104的影响区域,迎水面宽高比不大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于0.80～0.90,迎水面宽高比大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于1.00～1.10。进一步通过试验修正了水流作用下不同形态物体的水平拖曳力系数,提出了块体雷诺数、形状参数双因素影响下物体水平拖曳力系数函数,得到了以不同物体来流方向投影响面积为基准的水平拖曳计算公式,经拟合公式的合理性分析与验证,拖曳力系数拟合优度达到0.90以上,平均相对误差为8.7%;修正后拖曳力平均相对误差仅为7.5%,公式计算效果良好,更准确地反映散抛根石的水下受力特征,为分析水下抛石受水流冲击离散形态提供理论依据。  相似文献