马铃薯致病疫霉拮抗细菌研究进展     

高梦颖  付海燕  孙丛  王颜波  刘春光  马玉堃  杨峰山 《中国农学通报》2021,37(14):136-140

为了解决马铃薯致病疫霉侵染马铃薯导致其死亡,进而造成马铃薯单位种植产量低的问题。本文从拮抗菌入手,归纳分析细菌类拮抗菌中的主要拮抗菌中芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和粘细菌对马铃薯致病疫霉的抑制作用。同时,在总结前人研究的基础上,笔者认为在拮抗菌应用方面,可以采用多对一的新型平板对峙筛菌模式来模拟复杂条件下拮抗菌的拮抗作用,以期得到稳定的拮抗菌;并指出应从定植能力和根际微生物影响方面对拮抗菌实际应用的可行性进行研究;此外,提出未来对拮抗菌抑制马铃薯致病疫霉的探究应从表型层面的研究深入到分子层面,以期能成功从源头找寻抑制马铃薯致病疫霉的答案。  相似文献   

Utilizing a DUALEM‐421 and inversion modelling to map baseline soil salinity along toposequences in the Hunter Valley Wine district          下载免费PDF全文

U. Stockmann  J. Huang  B. Minasny  J. Triantafilis 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(3):413-424

In the oldest commercial wine district of Australia, the Hunter Valley, there is the threat of soil salinization because marine sediments underlie the area. To understand the risk requires information about the spatial distribution of soil properties. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have been used to identify and map the spatial variation of average soil salinity to a certain depth. However, soils vary with depth dependent on soil forming factors. We collected data from a single‐frequency and multiple‐coil DUALEM‐421 along a toposequence. We inverted this data using EM4Soil software and evaluated the resultant 2‐dimensional model of true electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) with depth against electrical conductivity of saturated soil pastes (EC_p – dS/m). Using a fitted linear regression (LR) model calibration approach and by varying the forward model (cumulative function‐CF and full solution‐FS), inversion algorithm (S1 and S2), damping factor (λ) and number of arrays, we determined a suitable electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI), which was optimal (R² = 0.82) when using the full solution, S2, λ = 3.6 and all six coil arrays. We conducted an uncertainty analysis of the LR model used to estimate the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil‐paste extract (EC_e – dS/m). Our interpretation based on estimates of EC_e suggests the approach can identify differences in salinity, how these vary with parent material and how topography influences salt distribution. The results provide information leading to insights into how soil forming factors and agricultural practices influence salinity down a toposequence and how this can guide soil management practices.  相似文献   

Comparative effect of advanced soy products or corn protein concentrate with porcine meal on growth,body composition,and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus     

Romi Novriadi  Elizabeth Spangler  D. Allen Davis 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(2):433-447

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of diets containing advanced soy products (enzyme‐treated soy and fermented soy) or corn protein concentrate (CPC) in combination with porcine meal (PM) to completely replace poultry byproduct meal (PBM) on growth performance, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, to contain 400 g/kg crude protein and 80 g/kg lipid. A reference diet (PBM diet [PBMD]) contained 150 g/kg PBM and 495 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), and three test diets were formulated replacing PBM with 15 g/kg of CPC (CPC diet [CPCD]) or replacing all SBM and PBM with 535 g/kg fermented soy (fermented soybean meal diet [FSBMD]) or 451.3 g/kg enzyme‐treated soy (enzyme‐treated soybean meal diet [ESBMD]). All three test diets were supplemented with 38 g/kg of PM. Diets were fed based on a percentage of bodyweight adjusted after sampling the fish every 2 weeks to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 8.06 ± 0.22 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, fish fed CPCD and ESBMD performed equally well in terms of final body weight, thermal growth coefficient, and percentage weight gain in comparison to fish fed PBMD. In all cases, feeding FSBMD resulted in poor feed conversion and lower feed intake compared to other treatments. Protein retention efficiency, whole‐body proximate composition, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and zinc contents were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. The results obtained in the present histological study showed no significant differences in the thickness of serous layer, muscular layer, and submucosal layer of the intestine among treatments. Fish fed CPCD showed a significant widening of the lamina propria with an increase of cellular infiltration and higher presence of goblet cells compared to other dietary treatment. Based on these results, 451 g/kg ESBM or combination of 150 g/kg of CPC and 495 g/kg SBM supplemented with 38 g/kg PM can be utilized to develop a practical diet for juvenile Florida pompano without impacting growth, nutritive parameters, and several distal intestine health parameters.  相似文献   

Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil     

Fabio Soller  Luke A. Roy  D. Allen Davis 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(1):186-203

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.  相似文献   

植物内生肠杆菌对狗牙根耐盐性的调控研究     

赵欣桐  陈晓东  李子吉  张巨明  刘天增 《草业学报》2021,30(9):127-136

以从海滨雀稗中分离得到的内生肠杆菌为材料，采用种子萌发与盆栽试验两种方式研究植物内生细菌对狗牙根耐盐性的影响。通过对狗牙根种子和幼苗接种单一内生细菌和混合内生细菌，并测定种子发芽率、苗长、根长、生物量等生长指标与叶绿素含量、相对含水量、相对电导率和叶片中钠离子、钾离子的含量综合评价植物内生细菌对狗牙根耐盐能力的调控。结果表明，在150 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下处理14 d后，接种混合菌液B3014比接种单一菌液B30更能提升狗牙根种子的萌发率、对盐胁迫下胚根及胚芽长度的增长也较显著（P<0.05）。在成坪期，与空白对照相比，接种内生细菌可以提升200 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下狗牙根的成坪质量，增加地上、地下生物量的积累、苗长与根长生长量，并提升植株叶绿素含量与叶片相对含水量，降低细胞膜破损程度。在接种内生细菌处理中，接种混合菌液B3014可以使狗牙根在盐胁迫下受到的损伤显著低于（P<0.05）接种单一菌液B30。与此同时，接种混合菌液B3014对狗牙根叶片中钠离子含量降低程度高于接种单一菌液B30，同样，接种混合菌液B3014也能更好地积累盐胁迫下狗牙根叶片内钾离子含量，增加盐胁迫下狗牙根的耐盐能力。因此，接种混合菌液B3014对盐胁迫下狗牙根种子的萌发和成坪后的耐盐能力的提升高于接种单一菌液B30。探讨植物内生细菌对狗牙根耐盐能力的调控，为提高草坪草在盐碱环境中的应用提供了新思路。  相似文献   

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses     

《Soil Use and Management》2018,34(1):1-8

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .  相似文献   

Digital mapping of soil salinity at various depths using an EM38     

Bhaskar Narjary  Murli Dhar Meena  Satyendra Kumar  Sushil Kumar Kamra  Dinesh Kumar Sharma  John Triantafilis 《Soil Use and Management》2019,35(2):232-244

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益生素预防畜禽腹泻机理的研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

师守信  廉晓华 《黑龙江畜牧兽医》1994,(2):3-5

用革兰氏阳性的嗜酸乳杆菌和枯草杆菌的活菌和死菌喂饲了８０只雏鸡，用嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌和死菌喂饲了３７头仔猪和２４头犊牛，观察这些细菌防畜禽腹泻的效果。结果证明这两种细菌的活菌与死菌都有预防腹泻的功能，嗜酸乳杆菌的效果好于枯草杆菌。两种菌的活菌和死菌都有预防作用说明是菌体成分或代谢产物可能是预防腹泻的主要有效成分。  相似文献   

低聚糖对雏鸡大肠粪便NH3-N含量及肠道菌群的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

王宝维  任慧英  朱新产  史美丽  王述柏  葛文华  刘光磊 《中国家禽》2003,25(8):8-10

试验选取1日龄罗曼蛋公雏250只，随机分为5组，试验组饲料或饮水中分别添加海藻糖(500mg／kg)、海藻胶(600mg／kg)、大豆寡糖(500mg／kg)、圆葱寡糖(500mg/d)。结果表明，四种低聚糖均可促进肠道乳酸菌及双歧杆菌的生长繁殖，对魏氏梭菌的生长呈现抑制作用。海藻糖、海藻胶对降低大肠粪便NH3—N含量效果不显著(P＞0．05)，而大豆寡糖效果显著(P＜0．05)，圆葱寡糖效果极显著(P＜0.01)。  相似文献   

降低反刍动物甲烷排放的研究进展   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

贺永惠  王清华  李杰 《中国牛业科学》2001,27(5):47-50

本文阐述了反刍动物瘤胃甲烷生成的生物学机制及影响反刍动物瘤胃甲烷生成的因素，并用产明了降低瘤胃甲烷产生的方法，最后对降低甲烷生成的前景作了展望。  相似文献