Evidence for genetic distinction among sympatric ecotypes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in south‐western Alaskan lakes          下载免费PDF全文

Shannan L. May‐McNally  Thomas P. Quinn  Pamela J. Woods  Eric B. Taylor 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2015,24(4):562-574

Resource polymorphism may play an important role in the process of speciation. The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) exhibits great phenotypic and genetic diversity across its range, making it an ideal species for studies of resource polymorphism and divergence. Here, we investigated genetic variation at 11 microsatellite loci among 287 Arctic char from five isolated yet proximate postglacial lakes in south‐western Alaska that were previously examined for resource polymorphism. Significant differences in pairwise F_ST were detected among all lakes (range from 0.05 to 0.28, all P < 0.02). In one lake (Lower Tazimina Lake), we found evidence for two genetic groups of char and for significant differences in the distribution of microsatellite variability among at least two of the three previously described body size morphotypes (‘large’‐, ‘medium’‐, and ‘small’‐bodied char; maximum F_ST = 0.09; differences in admixture proportions). We also found a significant association between genetic admixture proportions and gill raker counts among body size morphs (r = ?0.73, P < 0.001). Our data represent the first record of genetically distinct sympatric morphs of Arctic char in Alaska and provide further evidence that differences in morphology associated with feeding (gill rakers) and growth trajectories reflect niche diversification and promote genetic divergence in Holarctic populations of Arctic char.  相似文献   

草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用     

侯飞  邹梦婷  倪召红  乙天慈  郭建军  金道超 《植物保护学报》2023,50(2):530-537

为明确草栖钝绥螨Amblyseius herbicolus对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制潜能,在温度分别为19、22、25、28和31℃、相对湿度均为（85±5）%、光周期均为16 L∶8 D条件下测定草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食偏好性、捕食功能反应及自身干扰反应。结果表明,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨幼螨和第1若螨具有嗜食性,对其捕食选择系数分别为2.22和1.27,均大于1.00,对二斑叶螨卵、第2若螨和雌成螨捕食选择系数分别为0.61、0.68和0.22,均小于1.00。在不同温度条件下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;在19～31℃范围内,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的瞬时攻击率、最大日捕食量和捕食能力均随着温度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在28℃时达到最大值;而草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的处理时间随着温度升高呈先缩短后延迟的趋势,在28℃下处理时间最短。在相同温度下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨和第1若螨的捕食作用较强。在有限的捕食空间和二斑叶螨密度固定的条件下,草栖钝绥螨单头捕食量和捕食作用率随其自身密度的增加而逐渐下降,说...  相似文献   

庞泉沟自然保护区优势种种群竞争关系及其动态预测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

程小琴  韩海荣 《林业资源管理》2007,(4):74-78

利用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型对庞泉沟自然保护区优势种群的种内、种间竞争关系进行了定量分析。结果表明:种内和种间竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小,种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈。华北落叶松种内、种间竞争强度大小顺序为:种内>云杉>红桦>白桦>关帝柳>花楸>山杨。竞争强度与对象木胸径之间存在显著的幂函数非线性回归关系,回归结果与林分实际相符,从而为庞泉沟自然保护区混交林理论研究和合理经营提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

Intercohort cannibalism and parturition-associated behaviour of adult swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel (Pisces: Poeciliidae)     

Clifford L W Jones  Horst Kaiser  & Thomas Hecht 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(7):718-727

The post‐parturition behavioural patterns of adult Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) were described and quantified by recording their duration and/or frequency in glass tanks. All births occurred in the dark. Female behaviour might increase the chance of newborn juvenile survival: at the top of the tank, where juveniles are more vulnerable to predation, the females gave birth in the artificial refuge, while no parturition took place in the refuge at the bottom. Birth‐giving females were no less cannibalistic than males and other females. There was a reduction in cannibalism and the frequency of secondary attacks with time, even though the number of juveniles in the tank continued to increase due to ongoing parturition. Most adults were found at the bottom of the water column during the first 500 min of parturition, after which they were distributed equally in the water column. The movement of adults, away from the bottom and consequently away from the juveniles corresponded with an increase in feeding on alternative food and a reduction in cannibalism. Thus, cannibalism in swordtail might be opportunistic predation.  相似文献   

Effects of predation and intraspecific interactions on habitat use and foraging by brown trout in artificial streams   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

L. A. Greenberg  E. Bergman  A. G. Eklöv 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》1997,6(1):16-26

Abstract— We studied habitat use, foraging rates and behavior of 10 cm and 12 cm long brown trout, Salmo trutta , at two densities, 1.5 and 3.0 fish. m⁻², in artificial streams that contained either the amphipod, Gammarus pulex , alone or G. pulex together with the piscivore, northern pike, Esox lucius. Gammarus were stocked in and largely restricted to the pools at a density of 128 Gammurus. m⁻² . pool⁻¹ Large trout (12 cm) used pools more and riffles less when small trout (10 cm) were present than when small trout were absent. Small trout consumed fewer Gammarus when together with large trout than when alone, but showed no difference in habitat use in the presence and abscnce of large trout. Habitat use and number of Gammarus consumed per trout were not affected by trout density for either size-class when alone. For both size-classes of trout, use of pools and foraging rates were higher in the absence than in the presence of pike, and pike primarily resided in the pools. The number of aggressive interactions by both size-classes of trout decreased when pike was present. Our results indicate that for habitats that differ in food resources and predation risk, size structure may affect habitat use and foraging by brown trout.  相似文献   

Development of nursery culture techniques for the mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Estampador)     

Vu Ngoc Ut  Lewis Le Vay  Truong Trong Nghia  & Tran Thi Hong Hanh 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(14):1563-1568

Cannibalism is one of the main causes of mortality in the culture of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, particularly in the early post‐larval and juvenile stages when the densities of hatchery‐reared crabs may be very high before stocking into ponds or release into the wild for stock enhancement. In a series of experiments investigating cannibalism mitigation, the influence of stocking density, the effectiveness of sand substrate, brick and shell shelters and feed type were compared in culture of crabs from instar 1 for short nursery periods of 15–30 days. Inclusion of brick and shell shelters significantly increased survival over sand substrate alone. However, inclusion of shelters did not affect growth rates. In scaled‐up nursery production in lined‐ponds, with shelters, live Artemia biomass and fresh chopped shrimp or tilapia were found to be equally effective feeds for juvenile crabs stocked at a density of 70 m⁻² from instar 1 and grown for 30 days [52–66% survival, 21.6–24.6 mm carapace width (CW)]. In an extended nursery period for a further 30 days, crabs of 22 mm CW, stocked at 30 m⁻² in the same ponds, attained a final size of 34.5–36.2 mm CW with a survival of 64.3–67.0% using the same feeds.  相似文献   

Movement of juvenile swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel) through a tank bottom grid depends on combinations of grid and tank colour     

C L W Jones  & H Kaiser 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(5):513-515

  相似文献   

Can cats travel into the past? The choice of exit in the context of who,where and when     

《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2014,9(6):e4-e5

  相似文献   

A comparative study of self-feeder and automatic feeder: effects on the growth performance of rainbow trout fry     

T Shima  N Suzuki  T Yamamoto  & H Furuita 《Aquaculture Research》2001,32(S1):142-146

  相似文献   

杉木—千年桐人工混交林种内种间竞争关系分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

林晗  吴承祯  陈辉  林国伟  洪陈洁  洪滔 《福建林学院学报》2014,(4)

采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型对闽北地区3-5年生杉木—千年桐混交林及杉木纯林的种内种间竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明,杉桐混交林的竞争强度均高于同龄纯林,随林龄增长,竞争强度逐渐减弱。杉桐混交林中以杉木之间的种内竞争为主导。无论纯林还是混交林,对象木受到的竞争强度基本随径级的增加而减少。杉木对象木的胸径大小与杉木种内、杉桐种间的竞争强度呈幂函数关系,其胸径大小与竞争强度之间呈现显著的负相关关系。由预测结果可知,当杉木胸径达到30 cm后,林分竞争强度趋缓。  相似文献