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麦瘟病是小麦生产上的一种毁灭性真菌病害, 过去仅在南美洲流行?2016年该病害在亚洲的孟加拉国首次出现, 给世界尤其我国小麦生产带来重大潜在威胁?本研究基于麦瘟病当前在全球(包括孟加拉国)的分布数据和生物气候数据, 采用MaxEnt生态位模型和ArcGIS软件, 预测了当前气候条件下麦瘟病在全球特别是在我国的潜在适生区, 以及RCP2.6?RCP4.5?RCP6.0和RCP8.5 4种气候变化情景下2030s?2050s和2070s麦瘟病在中国潜在适生区分布范围, 进而以刀切法分析了影响其分布的主要气候因子, 并采用ROC对预测结果进行检验?结果表明, 在当前和未来不同气候情景下, 麦瘟病在中国的中风险和高风险区面积将呈增加趋势, 未来情景下与当前气候情景下相比, 中风险和高风险区的面积比例增加范围为0.08%~1.63%, 其中温度和湿度条件对麦瘟病的潜在分布区影响最大?此研究结果对于我国麦瘟病的检疫和防控提供了技术支撑? 相似文献
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基于MaxEnt的麦瘟病在全球及中国的潜在分布区预测 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
［目的］ 麦瘟病是小麦上的一种新病害,明确该病害在全球及我国的潜在分布区域,对于有效控制此病害在全球的扩展蔓延具有重要的意义。［方法］ 利用MaxEnt生态位模型预测麦瘟病在全球及我国的潜在分布。［结果］ 南美中东部、非洲东南部和中西部、南亚东南部和东南亚以及澳大利亚东部沿海地区是该病害在全球的主要适生区;而该病害在我国的适生区仅包括云南、广东和海南等省的少数地区。［结论］ 该病害在我国的适生区较小,但随着全球气候变化,该病原菌的潜在分布范围可能将进一步扩大。 相似文献
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<正>据4月28日出版的《Nature》杂志报道,今年2月份在亚洲孟加拉发现的麦瘟病,其病原菌系可能来源于南美的巴西。麦瘟病是小麦的一种毁灭性新病害,由Magnaporthe grisea引起。该病害1985年最早在巴西Parana州的北部被发现,并很快扩散到邻近的地区和国家。目前其发病区域主要集中在南美的热带和亚热带地区,包括巴西的中部和南部、玻利维亚中部、巴拉 相似文献
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2017年我国小麦条锈病流行大尺度时空动态分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2017年小麦条锈病在我国大范围流行,为明确大流行年份小麦条锈病时空动态,本研究通过在全国小麦主产省区定期调查小麦条锈病发生情况,并在总结2017年我国小麦条锈病流行特点的基础上,分析了小麦条锈病在县域水平随时间发展及其在空间上的分布和动态。结果表明,2017年小麦条锈病在我国黄淮海麦区大范围流行,发生面积达555.66万hm2,主要发生麦区平均病叶率为2.70%~40.00%、病害严重度为7.6%~45.2%、病害扩散速率为0.007~0.140;病害发生范围波及全国18个省（区、市）866个县,向北扩散至北纬41°的内蒙古五原县,向东扩散至东经121°的山东省烟台市和威海市。 相似文献
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利用小种标记分析云南省两个县的小麦条锈菌群体 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
小麦条锈病是由小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici）引起的气流传播病害,在世界各主要麦区均有发生,也是我国小麦生产上危害最严重的病害之一。小麦条锈菌毒性变异频繁,易产生新毒性小种,导致小麦品种的抗病基因失效,引起小麦条锈病周期性流行。因此,了解小麦种植区的条锈菌群体结构组成及变异,对于制定更为有效的条锈病控制方法具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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我国小麦产区,近年来小麦纹枯病在广大小麦产区,特别是主产和高产的黄淮麦区,迅速扩散蔓延,危害严重,已上升为影响小麦高产、稳产的主要病害。一般病因减产１０％左右,重者可达３０％～５０％,甚至更高,给小麦产量带来了巨大损失。 小麦纹枯病菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａ ｃｅｒｅａｌｉｓ）属丝核菌属,是一种重要的土传性禾谷类病害,种名为禾谷丝核菌。 我国小麦纹枯病的病原菌主要是禾谷丝核菌的ＣＡＧ－１融合群,其次是立枯丝核菌（Ｒ．ｓｏｌａｎｉ）的ＡＧ－５和ＡＧ－４融合群。 我国早在１９７５年就有小麦纹枯病的报道,… 相似文献
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我国小麦产区间病害发生与损失差异比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为系统全面地掌握我国各产区小麦病害的发生情况,本文重点分析了我国小麦五大产区(华东麦区、华中麦区、华北麦区、西北麦区和西南麦区)小麦锈病、赤霉病、白粉病、纹枯病、黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病的发生及防控情况。结果表明：我国小麦病害发生危害具有区域性特点,华东和华中麦区小麦纹枯病和赤霉病发病面积较大,且造成产量损失占比远超其余三大产区;华北麦区以白粉病发生最重;西北和西南麦区锈病和白粉病发生最重。我国小麦病害防治效果显著,华东和华中麦区赤霉病、纹枯病的年均挽回损失率均在80%以上;华北麦区年均挽回损失率最高的病害是白粉病(84.43%);西北和西南麦区对锈病年均挽回损失率分别为78.20%和85.26%;黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病挽回损失率较低。 相似文献
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小麦黄花叶病是由禾谷多黏菌传播的小麦黄花叶病毒引起的病害,近年在黄淮麦区呈蔓延加重趋势。为了给病害的防治和抗病育种工作提供依据,本研究利用分级评价方法对黄淮地区推广的小麦品种进行了田间抗病性鉴定。两年鉴定结果表明,在145个供试小麦品种中,‘濮优938’、‘新麦208’、‘豫麦416’、‘新原958’、‘豫麦70-36’、‘泛麦5号’等70个品种表现为免疫,占总数的48.28%;‘豫麦47’和‘邯6172’表现为抗病,占总数的1.38%;‘洪育2号’、‘花培2号’、‘偃展4110’、‘豫麦41’、‘郑麦9023’等48个品种表现为中抗,占总数的33.10%;‘兰天06129’、‘兰天0591’、‘徐麦9158’、‘徐麦0054’、‘徐麦1108’等25个品种表现为感病,占总数的17.24%。研究结果为指导小麦黄花叶病区合理选择小麦品种提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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小麦赤霉病是影响我国小麦生产安全和食品安全最重要的病害之一。由于受全球气候变暖、耕作制度变化等因素影响,小麦赤霉病在我国发生区域呈北移西扩的态势,病害发生流行频率明显上升。本文从赤霉菌群体遗传结构、侵染循环、致病与毒素合成调控机制以及抗病遗传育种、病害监测预警和防控技术等方面综述了国内外相关研究进展,分析了我国小麦赤霉病频繁暴发成灾原因以及监测与防控工作中存在的问题,并提出了有效防控病害暴发危害的应对策略。 相似文献
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Sergio I. Martinez Alex Wegner Stefan Bohnert Ulrich Schaffrath Analía Perelló 《Plant pathology》2021,70(7):1562-1571
Wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), initially restricted to South America, is a global threat for wheat after spreading to Asia in 2016 by the introduction of contaminated seeds, raising the question about transmission of the pathogen from seeds to seedlings, a process so far not well understood. We therefore studied the relationship between seed infection and disease symptoms on seedlings and adult plants. To accomplish this objective, we inoculated spikes of wheat cv. Apogee with a transgenic isolate (MoT-DsRed, with the addition of being resistant to hygromycin). We identified MoT-DsRed in experiments using hygromycin resistance for selection or by observation of DsRed fluorescence. The seeds from infected plants looked either apparently healthy or shrivelled. To evaluate the transmission, two experimental designs were chosen (blotter test and greenhouse) and MoT-DsRed was recovered from both. This revealed that MoT is able to colonize wheat seedlings from infected seeds under the ground. The favourable conditions of temperature and humidity allowed a high recovery rate of MoT from wheat shoots when grown in artificial media. Around 42 days after germination of infected seeds, MoT-DsRed could not be reisolated, indicating that fungal progression, at this time point, did not proceed systemically/endophytically. We hypothesize that spike infection might occur via spore dispersal from infected leaves rather than within the plant. Because MoT-DsRed was not only successfully reisolated from seed coats and germinating seeds with symptoms, but also from apparently healthy seeds, urgent attention is needed to minimize the risks of inadvertent dispersal of inoculum. 相似文献
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对营养竞争拮抗测定方法进行了改进,对接法将芽孢杆菌JPC-2与小麦纹枯病菌接种于大豆麦麸(SWB)培养基上,JPC-2可在SWB培养基上迅速扩展并完全抑制小麦纹枯病菌的菌丝生长。田间试验表明,芽孢杆菌JPC-2液体菌剂(107cfu/mL,1∶100)处理种子对小麦纹枯病的冬前期防效高于扬花期防效,防治效果为61.9%,高于3%苯醚甲环唑包衣处理(用量为种子质量的0.3%);对小麦根腐病的防治效果可达46.8%,与空白对照差异显著(p<0.05);并使小麦增产73.5%,高于3%苯醚甲环唑种衣剂。芽孢杆菌JPC-2固体菌剂(106cfu/mL,225kg/hm2)沟施于土壤,再播种液体菌剂包衣(107cfu/mL,药种比1∶30)的小麦种子,对小麦纹枯病菌的冬前期防效为68.9%,扬花期防效为59.7%,小麦增产38.9%,与0.2%戊唑醇种衣剂(1∶50)增产效果相当。 相似文献
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由大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf viruses, BYDVs)侵染引起的小麦黄矮病(wheat yellow dwarf disease)是世界小麦上的主要病害之一, 对小麦生产及粮食安全构成了严重威胁。本文综述了BYDVs的生物学特征、分类地位、致病机理及抗性育种等相关研究, 并基于相关研究进展, 提出了进一步扩大抗性基因挖掘、加快优异抗病基因克隆、加强抗病机理研究等方面的建议, 旨在为我国小麦黄矮病抗性育种及科学防治提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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由于检疫性蛾类多数种类个体小，形态难以观察，且与其他蛾类害虫在形态上具有一定的相似性，区别和鉴别难度大，造成该类检疫害虫传播扩散的风险加剧。一方面，该类害虫的幼虫啃食水果、木材等，使其品质下降，严重影响水果、木材等进出口贸易；另一方面，检疫害虫的扩散也对农林业生产构成了巨大威胁。因此，蛾类害虫的精准鉴定已成为国内外普遍关注的问题。该文对我国检疫性蛾类的种类进行系统性汇总，并对鉴定方法及鉴定标准等方面的研究进展进行综述，分析目前存在的问题和不足，并结合技术创新以及口岸实际检疫需求，提出今后的发展方向，以期为检疫性蛾类新型精准鉴定技术研发及其入侵防控策略制订提供参考。 相似文献
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Rhizoctonia cerealis, the causal agent of sharp eyespot on wheat, was not considered to be an important pathogen for many years. Recently, the disease has become endemic in many countries except for South America. The disease has created a new threat to world wheat production because the damage of wheat sharp eyespot has become increasingly severe. In this paper, previous studies on this pathogen, including the disease geographical distribution, pathogen identification, life cycle, symptoms, favourable environmental conditions, effects on wheat yield and control strategy, are reviewed. Such information will be helpful in management of sharp eyespot. 相似文献
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Tomato is the most economically important fruit/vegetable crop grown worldwide. However, viral diseases remain an important factor limiting its productivity, with estimated quantitative and qualitative yield losses in tomato crops often reaching up to 100%. Many viruses infecting tomato have been reported, while new viral diseases have also emerged. The climatic changes the world is experiencing can be a contributing factor to the successful spread of newly emerging viruses, as well as the establishment of disease in areas that were previously either unfavourable or where the disease was absent. Because antiviral products are not available, strategies to mitigate viral diseases rely on genetic resistance/tolerance to infection, control of vectors, improvement in crop hygiene, roguing of infected plants and seed certification. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging viral threat to tomato productivity and is currently spreading into new areas, which is of great concern to the growing global production in the absence of mitigation measures. This review presents the current knowledge about ToBRFV and future prospects for an improved understanding of the virus, which will be needed to support effective control and mitigation of the impact it is likely to cause. 相似文献
18.
Nabila Yesmin Farhana Jenny Hasan M. Abdullah Motaher M. Hossain Md A. Kader Peter S. Solomon Md A. H. B. Bhuiyan 《Plant pathology》2020,69(9):1618-1629
The outbreak of wheat blast (Pyricularia oryzae, syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) in Bangladesh and India in recent times is a cause of grave concern for future wheat production in South Asian countries. In this review, we focus on the origin and pathology of P. oryzae and its current status and impact on trade of wheat in South Asia. We also consider future directions for efficient detection, monitoring, forecasting, and managing this destructive disease. Proper detection and monitoring are essential for imposing disease management strategies. Cutting-edge tools such as geospatial modelling and remote sensing technologies based on field observation will be pivotal to efficiently contain and manage the disease. Strong quarantine regulations too are critical in preventing the pathogen movement and are also discussed within. Complementary approaches, such as the induction of systemic resistance by applying plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria or probiotic bacteria, are also considered here. This review provides a comprehensive summary on the status of wheat blast in South-East Asia and will provide an important resource for wheat blast research in the affected areas. 相似文献
19.
Magnaporthe oryzae conidia on basal wheat leaves as a potential source of wheat blast inoculum 
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下载免费PDF全文 C. D. Cruz J. Kiyuna W. W. Bockus T. C. Todd J. P. Stack B. Valent 《Plant pathology》2015,64(6):1491-1498
Wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum causes significant losses on wheat during outbreak years in several South American countries. Despite reports of wheat blast leaf lesions on some wheat cultivars, the importance of inoculum originating from leaves in severely affected commercial fields is disputed. It is generally considered that leaf lesions and/or sporulation on leaves do not usually appear before the occurrence of spike blast in wheat. The purpose of this study was to (i) determine the occurrence of wheat blast on basal leaves, (ii) estimate the number of conidia produced on these leaves, and (iii) determine the impact of current fungicide application practices on inoculum produced from sporulating lesions on basal wheat leaves. Inoculations at the three‐leaf stage showed that certain cultivar and isolate combinations caused more disease on old wheat leaves than young expanding leaves. Under optimum conditions, M. oryzae had the potential to produce tens to hundreds of thousands of conidia on small amounts of wheat basal leaves. A mean of 1 669 000 conidia were produced on 1 g dry basal leaves of a highly susceptible cultivar under optimum conditions for sporulation. Conidia production on leaves coincided with spike emergence under both greenhouse and field conditions. When field studies were conducted under natural epidemic conditions, foliar fungicide applications reduced the amount of M. oryzae conidia on basal leaves by 62–77% compared to non‐sprayed controls. An earlier application of foliar fungicides might reduce inoculum if conidia from basal leaves contribute to wheat spike blast development. 相似文献
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全国冬小麦秋苗均可遭受来自西北和西南越夏区条锈菌的侵染与危害, 条锈菌在寄主上进一步繁殖和发展, 引起本地或者外地小麦条锈病流行。不同麦区秋苗条锈病发生时间、发生程度及其菌源传播规律各不相同, 年度间亦存在差异。根据小麦条锈病发生流行频率、病菌越冬和越夏情况、秋季菌源和春季菌源的有无与多少、提供时间及其影响范围与作用, 结合地理生态条件、气候特点、小麦种植区划与栽培模式等, 将中国小麦条锈病发生流行区域划分为8个明显不同的生态区系, 即关中、华北春季流行区; 成都平原、江汉流域冬季繁殖区; 西北、川西北越夏易变区; 云贵高原越夏冬繁区; 新疆冬春麦常发区; 西藏高原青稞、小麦常发区; 南方晚播冬麦偶发区; 内蒙古、东北春麦偶发区。通过病害实地调查、病菌群体遗传多样性和高空气流轨迹分析, 进一步揭示了区间菌源传播关系。陇南、陇中、陇东、宁南、海东、陕西宝鸡以及川西北和云贵高原等地区离越夏区较近, 冬小麦播种较早, 秋苗条锈病发生早、发病重, 秋季随西北气流传播到平原冬麦区和海拔较低的冬麦区侵染危害秋播麦苗, 其菌源数量对全国小麦条锈病发生流行程度起着至关重要的作用, 是中国小麦条锈病的秋季菌源基地, 面积约67万hm2; 成都平原、江汉流域、陕南、豫南、云贵坝区等麦区, 离条锈菌越夏区相对较远, 小麦播种期也较晚, 秋苗发病较晚较轻, 但冬季气候温和, 雨露条件充沛, 条锈菌在冬季可以不断侵染和繁殖, 在早春可积累大量菌源, 然后向北部和西部广大麦区扩散传播, 引起小麦条锈菌春季侵染, 是中国小麦条锈病的春季菌源基地, 面积约200万hm2。云贵高原越夏冬繁区可为我国广大麦区特别是长江中下游麦区提供部分菌源, 荆州等鄂东南地区是云贵菌源向长江下游麦区传播的中转站。云南与甘肃之间存在大量的基因流, 推测云南可能是中国小麦条锈菌重要的起源中心。西南和西北秋季菌源对长江流域麦区的相对重要性有待进一步研究明确。 相似文献