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1.
伊维菌素在鲫体内的药代动力学 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以0.4 mg/kg的给药剂量进行口灌和肌肉注射给药,研究伊维菌素(IVM)在鲫体内的药代动力学。两种给药方式下,鲫组织中的IVM药—时曲线大都呈现多峰现象。肌肉注射给药后,药动学统计矩参数为Cmax=0.445 mg/L、Tmax=48 h、t1/2z=524.2 h、MRT(0-∞)=788 h、AUC(0-∞)=289.2(mg/L).h;口灌给药后,药动学统计矩参数为Cmax=0.264 mg/L、Tmax=8 h、t1/2z=153.9h、MRT(0-∞)=269.78 h、AUC(0-∞)=83.77(mg/L).h。两种给药方式相比,口灌组鲫对药物的吸收和清除均较快,而肌肉注射组鲫各组织中的药物浓度高,AUC值也较大。两种给药方式下,IVM在鲫各组织中AUC(0-600)值呈现相同的排列顺序,由大到小分别为性腺、血液、肾脏、肝胰脏、肌肉。IVM在鲫性腺和肾脏中均具有一定的蓄积作用,其主要表现为药物浓度高,MRT值大,且清除率低于血药的清除率,其中卵巢的积蓄作用最为明显。25℃的水温条件下,肌肉注射给药后,鲫休药期应不低于25 d;口灌给药后,鲫的休药期应不低于15 d。休药期与水温条件和给药剂量有关,因此在养殖生产过程中的休药期要根据实际情况适当调整。 相似文献
2.
高效液相色谱法检测克氏原螯虾组织中氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立了克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰脏中氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺的高效液相色谱检测方法。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250mm×4.6 mmi.d,5μm)反相色谱柱,以A液(乙腈):B液(0.04 mol/L NaH2PO4、0.004 mol/L十二烷基硫酸钠和0.10%三乙胺)(体积比为30∶70)为流动相,225 nm紫外检测波长完成分析。结果显示:本方法在0.025~20 mg/L范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;组织的加标回收率为78.8%~94.2%,相对标准偏差小于8.16%,氟苯尼考在血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰脏的检出限分别为0.01 mg/L、0.02 mg/kg、0.03 mg/kg,氟苯尼考胺则为0.015 mg/L、0.03 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg。 相似文献
3.
土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内的药物代谢和消除规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用高效液相色谱法检测土霉素,研究土霉素口灌给药途径下在锯缘青蟹体内的药代动力学。锯缘青蟹口灌给药土霉素50 mg/kg后,其血浆、肌肉和肝胰脏中的药峰浓度分别为16.78±1.98 mg/L、9.39±2.12μg/g和32.12±6.12μg/g,达峰时间分别为4 h、8 h和4 h。血浆中土霉素浓度-时间关系曲线符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内分布广泛,其表观分布容积(Vd)为2.129 L/kg;分布半衰期(t1/2α)和消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为3.200 h和47.856 h,总体清除率(CLs)为0.063 mL/(kg.h)。肌肉和肝胰脏中土霉素浓度与时间关系的药动学参数采用统计矩原理分析,其消除半衰期(t1/2 z)分别为60.145 h和71.009 h,总体清除率(CLz)分别为0.054 g/(kg.h)和0.037 g/(kg.h)。土霉素在精巢和卵巢中达峰时间分别为8 h和12 h,峰浓度分别为9.83μg/g和10.26μg/g。给药后24 d时,血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、精巢和卵巢中土霉素含量都已低于0.10μg/g。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内消除比较缓慢。 相似文献
4.
研究了单剂量肌肉注射和多剂量混饲口灌给药方式下,诺氟沙星在鲫(Carassius auratus)体内的药物动力学和残留情况。结果显示:在(25.4±0.3)℃水温条件下,以每千克鱼体重10 mg的剂量单次给鲫肌肉注射诺氟沙星后,药物几乎在瞬间吸收,0.0333 h时血液中达到6.6708μg/mL,其血药浓度-时间数据用一级吸收二室模型描述较为合适,主要的药动学参数为:t1/2α、t1/2β、AUC和C l(s)分别为:0.4231 h、9.1613 h、17.8619μg.h/mL和0.5727 L/(kg.h)。在(23±1)℃水温条件下,以每千克鱼体重10 mg的剂量多次连续5 d混饲后,鲫停药后第8天肌肉、血清和肝脏中未检测到药物,此时肾脏中药物浓度已降到(0.0463±0.0134)μg/g,低于0.05μg/g。建议在(23±1)℃水温条件下,按每千克体重10 mg的剂量连续5 d混饲给鲫诺氟沙星,休药期至少为最后一次给药后的8 d。 相似文献
5.
锌在鲫体内的积累特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用室内暴露试验法,研究不同质量浓度锌短期内在鲫鳃、肝胰脏和肌肉中的积累特性.试验结果表明,锌在鲫鳃、肝胰脏和肌肉中的积累量均随暴露时间延长而增加,但随时间变化锌的积累速率不同.鳃锌积累在0.05 mg/L锌溶液中呈线性关系,其他浓度均呈对数关系;不同质量浓度鲫肌肉锌积累量与暴露时间呈线形关系,暴露在0.05 mg/L锌溶液中,肌肉锌在10 d内积累速度较慢,10 d后积累速率大幅度提高,肝胰脏锌在0.05、0.1 mg/L锌溶液中积累量与暴露时间呈线性关系,其他浓度随时间呈对数关系.暴露在高于国家水质允许锌浓度水体中,肝胰脏可在短时间内快速积累锌.鲫各部位对锌的积累能力为肝胰脏>鳃>肌肉. 相似文献
6.
采用在实用饲料(含铜11.68 mg/kg)中分别添加铜(以分析纯CuSO4.5H2O为铜源)了0 mg/kg(对照组),25 mg/kg(适量组),50、100、200、400 mg/kg(高铜组)(编号为C0、C25、C50、、C100、C200、C400)的6组饲料,喂养凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)(0.49±0.03 g)8周,研究了高铜饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉和肝胰脏铜积累的影响。结果显示:饲料铜含量过高具有毒性,C100~C4003组存活率显著低于其它组(P<0.05),分别为51.11%、37.78%、14.81%;随饲料铜水平的增加,增重率、饲料效率、特定增长率先升高后降低,C50组的增重率和特定生长率显著高于其他组(P<0.05),C25、C50组的饲料效率显著高于其他组(P<0.05);随饲养时间的延长,肌肉、肝胰脏铜积累增加,试验末期各组肌肉、肝胰脏铜积累显著升高(P<0.05),试验期间肌肉铜积累在3.10~11.08 mg/kg之间,而肝胰脏铜积累则在10.89~449.48 mg/kg之间,同组对虾肝胰脏铜积累量远高于肌肉;饲养8周肌肉铜积累小于50 mg/kg,符合食品安全,而肝胰脏除C0组外均大于50 mg/kg。 相似文献
7.
伊维菌素对鲫血液成分影响的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用三种给药剂量(3.0、1.0、0.4 mg/kg)研究伊维菌素对鲫(Carassius auratus)血液指标的影响,结果显示:各实验组鲫血液中红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血红蛋白(HGB)与对照组间均无显著性差异;但血小板(PLT)指标则显著高于对照组,且在给药后8～16 h快速上升、24 h后开始下降,波动幅度亦显著高于对照组。三种口灌剂量对鲫血液中钙离子(Ca2+)、总胆红素(Tbil)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和白蛋白(ALB)含量均无明显影响;而3.0、1.0 mg/kg的口灌剂量组鲫血液中总血清蛋白(TP)含量较对照组有下降,且剂量越大影响越大,而0.4 mg/kg组TP含量变化不大。随着剂量的增大,鲫体色逐渐变深,食欲减退、身体失衡,3.0 mg/kg组的鲫解剖后显示肾脏出血迹象。 相似文献
8.
分别以1.30 mg/kg、1.69 mg/kg、2.19 mg/kg、2.86 mg/kg、3.71 mg/kg、4.83 mg/kg、6.27 mg/kg、8.16 mg/kg剂量的伊维菌素(ivermectin)对松浦镜鲤(Cyprinus specularis songpu)进行口灌,并设置空白对照和溶剂对照,给药后连续观察96 h,记录各组鱼的行为和死亡情况。用SPPS软件计算得出松浦镜鲤口灌伊维菌素的96 h LD50为4.04 mg/kg,95%可信区间为3.42~4.80 mg/kg。对给药组和对照组鱼进行血细胞分析,发现随着给药剂量的增加,红细胞数无明显变化,血红蛋白浓度呈上升趋势,而白细胞数呈下降趋势。通过组织切片观察,发现伊维菌素给药剂量为4.83 mg/kg时松浦镜鲤体内组织开始出现明显的病理变化。大剂量口灌伊维菌素后,松浦镜鲤肠绒毛出现坏死、脱落现象,肝细胞萎缩、肝血窦变大,肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死,心肌纤维萎缩、变性。本研究通过探讨伊维菌素对松浦镜鲤的毒性效应,旨在为松浦镜鲤养殖过程中科学合理的使用伊维菌素提供基础数据和科学依据。 相似文献
9.
四种渔药对稀有(鱼句)鲫的急性毒性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
用控温半静态换水式实验方法,测定了伊维菌素(0.4%)、辛硫磷(20%)、氯氰菊酯(4.5%)和精制马拉硫磷(20%)四种常用药物对稀有(鱼句)鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)幼鱼的急性毒性效应。分别在实验24、48、72 h和96 h后记录稀有(鱼句)鲫幼鱼的死亡数,并推算了实验药液的安全质量浓度。结果显示,四种渔药的96 h半致死浓度分别为7.01、24.22、9.37和460μg/L,安全浓度分别为0.70、2.42、0.94和46.00μg/L,这4种药物对稀有(鱼句)鲫的毒性大小依次为:伊维菌素>氯氰菊酯>辛硫磷>精制马拉硫磷。结果表明:稀有(鱼句)鲫可用于渔药对水体环境影响的监测。 相似文献
10.
肉碱对草鱼生长性能、体成分和脂肪代谢酶活性的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
在基础饲料中分别添加100、200、300和400mg/kg DL-肉碱,饲喂平均体重134.3±12.1g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)8W,以增重率、饲料系数(FCR),肌肉和肝胰脏中蛋白脂肪含量,肠道脂肪消化酶,肝胰脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、肝脂酶(HL)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)等指标为判据,研究肉碱对草鱼生长性能、体成分和脂肪代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明,添加200mg/kg肉碱提高鱼体增重率5.70%(P < 0.05),降低FCR5.26%(P < 0.05);添加200～400mg/kg肉碱显著降低了肌肉和肝胰脏中的脂肪含量(P < 0.05);当肉碱添加量为300mg/kg时,肌肉蛋白含量最高;肉碱对肌肉水分和灰分、肝胰脏的蛋白含量无影响(P > 0.05);添加200、400mg/kg肉碱显著降低了血清胆固醇含量(P < 0.05);在脂肪代谢酶活性方面,200mg/kg肉碱组肠道脂肪消化酶和HL活性较对照组提高28.0%、38.6%(P < 0.05);添加400mg/kg肉碱提高肠道脂肪消化酶、HL及总脂酶活性41.41%、36.26%、10.66%(P < 0.05),降低FAS活性47.3%(P < 0.05)。综上所述,适量肉碱能改善草鱼生长性能、降低肌肉和肝胰脏脂肪含量及促进脂肪降解。建议草鱼饲料中肉碱添加量为200mg/kg。 相似文献
11.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
12.
13.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
14.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
15.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 
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下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
16.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献
17.
Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Franz Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3901-3909
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos. 相似文献
18.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献
19.
T. Citarasu K. Venkatramalingam M. Micheal Babu R. Raja Jeya Sekar M. Petermarian 《Aquaculture International》2003,11(6):581-595
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could
lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment
in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load
in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献