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1.
基于可见光波段无人机遥感的植被信息提取 总被引：17，自引：22，他引：17
无人机遥感具有使用成本低、操作简单、获取影像速度快、地面分辨率高等传统遥感无法比拟的优势。该文通过分析仅含红光、绿光和蓝光3个可见光波段的无人机影像中植被与非植被的光谱特性,同时结合健康绿色植被的光谱特征,借鉴归一化植被指数NDVI的构造原理及形式,提出了一种综合利用红、绿、蓝3个可见光波段的归一化植被指数——可见光波段差异植被指数VDVI(visible-band difference vegetation index)。与其他基于可见光波段的植被指数,如过绿指数EXG(excess green)、归一化绿红差值指数NGRDI(normalized green-red difference index)、归一化绿蓝差值指数NGBDI(normalized green-blue difference index)和红绿比值指数RGRI(red-green ratio index)以及仅用绿光波段的提取结果进行对比分析,结果表明:VDVI植被提取精度高于其他可见光波段植被指数,且阈值在0附近,较易确定。为了验证VDVI的适用性与可靠性,选取与试验影像同一时期拍摄但不同区域的另一影像使用同样的方法提取植被信息。结果表明:VDVI对于仅含可见光波段无人机遥感影像的健康绿色植被信息具有较好的提取效果,提取精度可达90%以上,适用于仅含可见光波段无人机遥感影像的健康绿色植被信息提取。 相似文献
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高光谱信息量巨大,如何选取最佳组合波段构建高精度光谱模型,是植被参数遥感反演模型研究的重要工作基础。该研究将最佳指数与相关系数通过熵权评价值进行融合,提出最佳指数-相关系数法(optimum index factor and correlation coefficient,OIFC)。基于OIFC法选取了小麦叶片叶绿素含量的最佳组合波段,并利用最佳组合波段的高光谱数据建立小麦叶片叶绿素含量预测模型。结果表明:利用OIFC法所提取的小麦叶绿素最佳组合波段是760、1 860、1 970 nm;对比最佳指数法(optimum index factor,OIF)、最大相关系数法(maximum correlation coefficient,MCC)提取波段以及归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、土壤调和植被指数(soil-adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)所建立的叶片叶绿素含量高光谱模型,基于OIFC法构建的模型预测值与实测值具有显著的线性关系,决定系数达0.827,且均方根误差最小(RMSE=5.44)。可见,基于OIFC法构建的小麦叶绿素含量模型具有更高的精度,该结果验证了利用OIFC法提取高光谱特征波段的可行性,并且能够获得更高建模精度的特征波段。 相似文献
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基于成像光谱技术的寒地玉米苗期冠层氮含量预测模型 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了探索寒地玉米冠层氮素含量,以不同氮素水平下玉米大田试验为基础,利用高光谱成像技术探讨苗期玉米冠层光谱,通过相关矩阵法选择植被指数的变量,并依据叶片氮素含量与植被指数的相关性,建立玉米冠层氮素含量预测模型。结果表明:根据玉米冠层高光谱图像,选择与各波段相关性较强的525、566、700、715、895 nm作为植被指数的变量,构建与氮素含量相关性强的植被指数归一化植被指数NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)、归一化光谱植被指数NDSI(normalized difference spectral index)、比值光谱指数RSI(ratio spectral index)、差值光谱指数DSI(difference spectral index)。以与叶片氮素含量相关性较高的植被指数为自变量,建立单变量、多变量回归预测模型。采用单变量NDVI二次函数回归模型作为0、50 kg/hm~2施氮量下玉米冠层氮素含量预测模型,其R~2分别为0.719、0.803。在100 kg/hm~2施氮量下玉米冠层氮素含量的预测模型为3变量回归模型,其R~2达到0.657。用置信椭圆F检验法检验预测模型,其F值均小于F0.05,估测值与实测值间R2分别是0.724、0.798、0.655,标准误差RMSE分别为0.156、0.140、0.156 mg/g,表明实测值和估测值间的差异不明显,预测模型可用。 相似文献
4.
无人机影像反演玉米冠层LAI和叶绿素含量的参数确定 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
小型低空无人机（unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV）机动灵活、操作简便，可以按需获取高空间分辨率影像，是育种玉米长势监测的一种重要技术手段。针对UAV影像反演玉米冠层叶面积指数（LAI, Leaf Area Index）和叶绿素含量的参数确定问题，该研究以DJI S1000+无人机为平台，搭载法国Parrot Sequoia相机，获取海南三亚市崖城玉米育种基地的多光谱影像。基于预处理后的UAV影像，采用重采样的方式获得不同分辨率下（0.1～1 m）的不同植被指数，所构建的植被指数包括归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index，NDVI）、叶绿素指数（grassland chlorophyll index，GCI）、比值植被指数（ratio vegetation index，RVI）、归一化红边红指数（normalized difference rededge-red index，NDIrer）、归一化红边绿指数(normalized difference rededge-green index，NDIreg)和重归一化植被指数(renormalized difference vegetation index，RDVI)，通过将不同分辨率下的不同植被指数与地面实测数据进行回归分析，以获得各分辨率下植被指数与冠层LAI和叶绿素含量的关系模型及其决定系数，以决定系数的大小为依据来确定玉米冠层LAI和叶绿素含量反演的最优空间分辨率和最优植被指数。通过试验发现，在分辨率为0.6 m时，NDVI与地面实测LAI之间的决定系数R2为0.80，决定系数达到了最大，利用该分辨率下的NDVI反演得到的LAI验证精度R2达到了0.73；在分辨率为0.1 m时，NDIreg与地面实测叶绿素含量之间的决定系数R2为0.70，决定系数达到了最大，利用该分辨率下的NDIreg反演得到的叶绿素含量验证精度R2达到了0.63。因此得出结论：1）植被指数的选择：① 对于玉米冠层LAI的反演来说，不包含绿波段的植被指数的LAI反演精度较高，这说明绿波段对LAI的变化不敏感；② 对于玉米冠层叶绿素含量反演来说，包含红边波段的植被指数的反演精度较高，因此影像的红边波段对叶绿素含量的变化非常敏感。2）UAV影像空间分辨率的选择：反演LAI的最优分辨率是0.6 m，此时NDVI与实测LAI的决定系数达到最大；反演冠层叶绿素含量的最优分辨率是0.1～0.3 m范围内，此时NDIreg与实测叶绿素含量的决定系数达到最大。该研究可为UAV反演玉米表型参数时的分辨率和植被指数选择提供参考。 相似文献
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基于GF-1 WFV数据的玉米与大豆种植面积提取方法 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
准确掌握农作物的空间种植分布情况,对于国家宏观指导农业生产、制定农业政策有重要意义。针对黑龙江省玉米与大豆生育期接近、光谱特征相似,较难区分的问题,以多时相16 m空间分辨率高分一号(GF-1)卫星宽覆盖(wide field of view,WFV)影像为数据源,选择归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、宽动态植被指数(wide dynamic range vegetation index,WDRVI)、归一化水指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)4个特征,结合实地调查样本点,采用随机森林分类算法,提取黑龙江省黑河市嫩江县玉米与大豆种植面积。研究表明,区分玉米与大豆的最佳时段为9月下旬至10月上旬,即大豆已收获而玉米未收获的时段,在4个待选特征中,NDVI、NDWI与WDRVI指数组合表现最佳;随机森林算法与最大似然算法、支持向量机算法相比,分类精度更高,其总体分类精度为84.82%,Kappa系数为77.42%。玉米制图精度为91.49%,用户精度为93.48%;大豆制图精度为91.14%,用户精度为82.76%。该方法为大区域农作物的分类提供重要参考和借鉴价值。 相似文献
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基于多特征决策树的建设用地信息提取 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
城乡交接带的土地利用/覆盖类型兼具城镇和农村的典型特征。为了解决土地覆盖类型复杂、存在"同谱异物"现象的西部山区环境中建设用地信息难以精确提取的问题,该文提出一种包含多个特征节点的决策树分类法,该方法以Landsat-8影像为主要数据源,以决策树分类法为框架,结合地物光谱特征及空间特征,建立以4种归一化指数(归一化三波段指数normalized difference three bands index,NDTBI;归一化建筑指数normalized difference building index,NDBI;改进的归一化水体指数modified normalized difference water index,MNDWI;归一化植被指数normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)分类结果和河流缓冲区作为特征节点的决策树分类器,对贵州省毕节市城乡交接带建设用地专题信息进行提取。NDTBI是该文新构建的指数,取名为归一化三波段指数,目的是为了弥补归一化建筑指数NDBI的不足;支持向量机分类结果的使用在多指数法的基础上提高了地物的可分离性;以构建河流缓冲区的方式加入的地物空间信息,进一步提高了信息提取的精确性。由于决策树特征节点的构建过程是利用先验知识来优化特征值和提高精度的过程,克服了利用单一指数法、多指数法及单独使用模式识别法中出现的问题,精度评价结果显示总体精度达到了97.52%。为了验证方法的推广性,采用毕节市七星关区中心城区遥感影像数据该方法进行验证,精度评价结果显示总体精度达到98.03%。 相似文献
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利用HJ-1-A/B CCD2数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
叶面积指数是十分重要的作物生理生态参数,为提高利用国产环境减灾小卫星CCD数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数的精度,该文以5种常用的植被指数(归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI),双波段增强植被指数(2-bands enhanced vegetation index,EVI2),比值植被指数(ratiovegetation index,RVI),土壤调节植被指数(soil-adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)为基础,结合3种常用的回归模型,按生长阶段比较分析了不同植被指数和回归模型反演叶面积指数的精度。结果表明,除生殖生长阶段外,叶面积指数和5种植被指数之间均有较强的相关关系;指数模型和一元线性模型分别为全生育期和营养生长阶段的最佳拟合模型;EVI在全生育期拟合时的表现好于其他4个指数(R2=0.9348),SAVI则是营养生长阶段表现最佳的指数(R2=0.9404)。该研究为进一步利用植被指数反演叶面积指数提供了参考。 相似文献
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玉米拔节期冠层叶绿素含量多光谱图像检测 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了探索大田玉米冠层叶片叶绿素指标的快速检测方法。采用自主研发的2-CCD多光谱图像成像系统采集了大田玉米拔节期冠层图像,并同步获取了样本叶绿素含量指标SPAD值。对多光谱图像进行了平滑滤波,并基于HSI颜色空间实现了冠层图像的分割。提取了玉米冠层可见光(blue(B),green(G),red(R);400~700 nm)和近红外(near-infrared,NIR,760~1 000 nm)4个波段平均灰度值并计算了平均灰度值计算比值植被指数(RVI,ratio vegetation index)、归一化植被指数(NDVI,normalized difference vegetation index)、修改型二次土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI2,modified soil-adjusted vegetation index)等8种常见植被指数作为图像检测参数。分析了这12个检测参数与叶绿素指标之间的相关性,讨论了图像检测参数的多种组合,建立了叶绿素指标的多元线性回归分析(MLRA,multiple linear regression analysis)模型。研究结果表明:R、G、B波段的平均灰度值与叶绿素指标成较高负相关,相关系数分别为-0.73,-0.71和-0.71,植被指数中相关性较好的是NDVI、MSAVI2和RVI,相关系数分别为0.83、0.81和-0.81。基于这6个参数组合建立的叶绿素指标估算模型拟合度最好,其建模集决定系数为0.79,验证集决定系数为0.71,研究结果为无损检测玉米拔节期叶绿素含量提供了支持。 相似文献
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半干旱沙区土类/亚类的遥感调查制图方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
传统土壤调查制图存在低时效性、低精度等问题。为了解决半干旱沙区土壤遥感调查制图问题,该文以科尔沁左翼后旗为例,基于野外实地调查和专家知识分析了半干旱沙区土壤类型分布特征与环境因素之间的关系,并探讨了基于多时相Landsat8 OLI影像数据的半干旱沙区土类/亚类遥感调查制图方法。结果表明:利用多时相Landsat8 OLI影像数据提取的归一化差异水体指数(modified normalized difference water index,MNDWI)、盐分指数(salt index,SI)、归一化差异湿度指数(normalized difference moisture index,NDMI)、归一化差异植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)等环境信息,可实现对沼泽土、盐碱土、草甸土、风沙土及其亚类等半干旱沙区主要土壤类型的遥感调查制图。应用本文提出的半干旱区土类/亚类遥感调查制图方法对科左后旗进行土壤遥感调查制图和精度验证,总体精度约为72.84%,Kappa系数为0.667 8。该方法可为半干旱沙区数字土壤调查制图提供思路和参考。 相似文献
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冬小麦苗期叶绿素含量检测光谱学参数寻优 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
光谱分析技术是作物生长检测的主要手段,为了解决大田漫反射采集所造成的光谱基线漂移和偏移问题,研究采集了冬小麦冠层325~1 075 nm范围反射光谱,采用多元散射校正方法对小麦原始光谱进行预处理。采取遗传算法对光谱特征参数寻优并结合相关分析结果,选取486、599、699和762 nm波长处反射率值并组合计算了RVI(ratio vegetation index),DVI(difference vegetation index),NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)和SAVI(soil-adjusted vegetation index)共12个植被指数,分析了各植被指数与叶绿素含量值之间的相关关系,结果显示:DVI和SAVI可抑制苗期土壤背景干扰并对叶绿素含量响应较为敏感,与叶绿素含量相关性最优的参数分别为DVI(762,599)、SAVI(762,599)、DVI(762,699)和SAVI(762,699),与叶绿素含量的相关系数都达到0.6以上。基于相关性最优光谱植被指数DVI(762,699)和SAVI(762,599)利用最小二乘-支持向量回归建立冬小麦叶绿素含量预测模型,建模集决定系数为0.681,验证集决定系数为0.611。该模型可用于无损检测冬小麦苗期叶绿素含量,以期为后续施肥决策提供支持。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献