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1.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和非淀粉多糖(NSP)复合酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、粪便微生物菌群及血清指标的影响,从而达到代替抗生素的目的。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选择28日龄健康断奶仔猪192头,平均体重为(7.15±0.36)kg,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8头猪。对照组(CT组)饲喂在基础饲粮中添加40 mg/kg杆菌肽锌的饲粮;试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1 g/kg植物乳杆菌(PT组)、1 g/kg NSP复合酶(ZT组)、1 g/kg植物乳杆菌+1 g/kg NSP复合酶(PZT组)的饲粮。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)各组间断奶仔猪的试验末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)各组间断奶仔猪粪便中乳酸菌数量、大肠杆菌数量及乳酸菌/大肠杆菌均无显著差异(P0.05)。但与对照组相比,PZT组断奶仔猪粪便中乳酸菌数量和乳酸菌/大肠杆菌有增加趋势(0.05≤P0.10),大肠杆菌数量有降低趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。3)各组间断奶仔猪的血清生化指标、免疫指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中复合添加植物乳杆菌和NSP复合酶可促进肠道菌群平衡,有益于仔猪健康生长,从而达到替代抗生素的目的。  相似文献   

2.
本试验旨在研究益生菌(短乳杆菌、酵母及其复合菌)对生长猪生长性能、粪便微生物数量、养分表观消化率和血清免疫指标的影响。选取108头平均体重为(13.68±0.41)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交猪,随机分为4组,即对照组、短乳杆菌组、酵母组和复合菌组,每组3个重复,每个重复9头猪。试验分2个阶段,第1阶段为第1~32天,第2阶段为第33~61天,全期共61 d。结果表明:1)第1阶段中,与对照组相比,各益生菌组的末重以及短乳杆菌组和复合菌组的平均日增重显著提高(P0.05),短乳杆菌组和酵母组的料重比显著降低(P0.05);第2阶段中,复合菌组的末重显著高于对照组(P0.05);整个试验期,与对照组相比,短乳杆菌组和复合菌组的平均日增重显著提高(P0.05),复合菌组的料重比显著降低(P0.05)。2)在第32天,与对照组相比,各益生菌组粪便中酵母数量显著升高(P0.05),短乳杆菌组和复合菌组粪便中乳酸菌数量显著升高、大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05);在第61天,与对照组相比,各益生菌组粪便中乳酸菌和酵母数量显著升高(P0.05),短乳杆菌组和复合菌组粪便中大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05)。3)在第32天,短乳杆菌组和复合菌组的粗蛋白质、钙表观消化率以及酵母组的钙、磷表观消化率较对照组显著升高(P0.05);在第61天,短乳杆菌组和复合菌组的粗蛋白质、钙、磷表观消化率以及酵母组的钙、磷表观消化率较对照组显著提高(P0.05)。4)在第32天,与对照组相比,各益生菌组的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量以及复合菌组的血清总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著升高(P0.05);在第61天,与对照组相比,短乳杆菌组的血清TP、GLB、IgA和IgG含量,酵母组的血清TP和IgG含量,复合菌组的血清GLB、IgA和IgG含量显著升高(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加益生菌能够改善生长猪的肠道微生态环境,提高饲粮养分表观消化率,增强机体免疫功能,从而提高生长性能。  相似文献   

3.
试验目的是评估有机铜和无机铜对生长猪的生长性能的影响。选择平均63日龄且初始体重为(21.46±1.13)kg的100头生长猪随机分为5个处理组,包括:CON组(基础日粮,铜含量为0mg/kg)、T1组(基础日粮+硫酸铜67mg/kg)、T2组(基础日粮+硫酸铜134mg/kg)、T3组(基础日粮+蛋氨酸铜67mg/kg)和T4组(基础日粮+蛋氨酸铜134mg/kg)。试验结果表明,在整个试验期间,日粮处理对生长猪平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和饲料报酬比值(G/F)均无显著性差异。与CON组相比,T1、T2、T3和T44个组生长猪的干物质消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。在T3组较CON组生长猪氮的消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。与T1组相比,CON、T3和T4组生长猪粪便pH显著改善(P<0.05)。CON、T3和T4组生长猪粪便中的铜浓度显著低于T1和T2组(P<0.05)。与CON相比,T2、T3和T4组腹泻率减少。总之,日粮中添加67mg/kg或134mg/kg的蛋氨酸铜能有效地提高养分消化率和生长猪粪便的pH,并能减少粪便中铜的浓度。  相似文献   

4.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌和苦荞黄酮及其复合物对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清指标的影响。选取(35±3)日龄、平均体重为(7.85±0.67)kg断奶仔猪50头,随机分为5个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头仔猪。负对照组(NC组)饲喂基础饲粮,其他各组分别在基础饲粮中添加40 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素(正对照组,PC组)、1×109CFU/kg植物乳杆菌(LP组)、40 mg/kg苦荞黄酮(BF组)和1×109CFU/kg植物乳杆菌+40 mg/kg苦荞黄酮(LB组)。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)BF组1~28 d仔猪的平均日增重显著高于NC组和PC组(P0.05),分别提高了52.74%和34.14%。2)NC组仔猪的各营养物质消化率显著低于其他各组(P0.05);LB组仔猪的总能、干物质、有机物和磷的消化率显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。3)BF组仔猪的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸、免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白M含量显著高于NC组(P0.05)。LP组仔猪的血清总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著高于NC组和PC组(P0.05),而血清丙二醛含量显著低于NC组和PC组(P0.05)。由此可见,苦荞黄酮提高了断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能,而植物乳杆菌改善了断奶仔猪机体抗氧化能力,二者联合应用还改善了饲粮营养物质消化率。  相似文献   

5.
试验旨在研究日粮中添加复合微生态菌剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标和粪便微生物的影响。试验选择160头42日龄的健康杜×长×大仔猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪(公、母各半)。对照组(CON组)饲喂不含抗生素的基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加50 mg/kg杆菌肽锌(PC组)、1 g/kg植物乳杆菌+1 g/kg解淀粉芽孢杆菌(LB组)和1 g/kg植物乳杆菌+1 g/kg干酪乳杆菌(LL组)的日粮。试验期35 d。结果表明:各试验组仔猪的平均日采食量、平均日增重和耗料增重比均无显著差异(P>0.05);饲喂复合菌剂(LB组与LL组)的断奶仔猪血清中二胺氧化酶含量显著低于CON组和PC组(P<0.05);不同组间IgA、IgM和IgG含量、白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酸酐和总蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05);第35天,饲喂复合菌剂(LB组与LL组)的断奶仔猪粪便中大肠杆菌的数量显著低于CON组(P<0.05);而各组粪便乳酸菌数量无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,日粮中添加复合微生态菌剂对断奶仔猪生长性能无显著影响,但可降低血清二胺氧化酶活性和粪便中大肠杆菌数量,有益于断奶仔猪健康。  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)对生长猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择108头平均体重为(24.49±1.61)kg的(70±2)日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交生长猪,按性别、体重和窝源基本一致原则随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头猪。3组猪分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+0.05%短乳杆菌(试验Ⅰ组)和基础饲粮+0.10%短乳杆菌(试验Ⅱ组),试验期30 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组的平均日采食量、料重比和试验Ⅱ组的平均日采食量均显著降低(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组的料重比极显著降低(P<0.01);2)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组粪便中的乳酸菌数量显著提高(P<0.05),大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P<0.05);3)与对照组相比,试验组的血清白蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05),其中试验Ⅱ组达到极显著水平(P<0.01);球蛋白含量极显著升高(P<0.01);白球比极显著降低(P<0.01);结合珠蛋白含量极显著降低(P<0.01);干扰素γ含量显著升高(P<0.05)。结果提示,短乳杆菌能够显著改善生长猪肠道菌群环境,提高机体免疫力,改善生长性能。  相似文献   

7.
试验目的是评估有机铜和无机铜对生长猪的生长性能的影响。选择平均63日龄且初始体重为（21。46＋1,13）kg的100头生长猪随机分为5个处理组,包括：CON组（基础日粮,铜含量为0mg／kg）、T1组（基础曰粮＋硫酸铜67mg／kg）、T2组（基础日粮＋硫酸铜134mg／kg）、T3组（基础日粮十蛋氨酸铜67mg／kg）和T4组（基础日粮＋蛋氨酸铜134mg／kg）。试验结果表明,在整个试验期间,日粮处理对生长猪平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）和饲料报酬比值（GfF）均无显著性差异。与CON组相比,T1、T2、T3和T44个组生长猪的干物质消化率显著提高（P〈0．05）。在T3组较CON组生长猪氨的消化率显著提高（P〈0．05）。与T1组相比,CON、T3和T4组生长猪粪便pH显著改善（P〈0．05）。CON、T3和T4组生长猪粪便中的铜浓度显著低于T1和T2组（P〈0。05）。与CON相比,T2、T3和丁4组腹泻率减少。总之,日粮中添加67mg／kg或134mg／kg的蛋氨酸铜能有效地提高养分消化率和生长猪粪便的pH,并能减少粪便中铜的浓度。  相似文献   

8.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的植物乳杆菌对德州驴驹生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响。选取4月龄德州驴驹48只,随机分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复4只):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在精料中添加1×10~8、1×10~9和1×10~(10)CFU/kg植物乳杆菌的试验饲粮。预试期5 d,正试期45 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加1×10~9CFU/kg植物乳杆菌显著降低了驴驹的料重比(P0.05),饲粮中添加1×10~8、1×10~9和1×10~(10)CFU/kg植物乳杆菌均显著提高了驴驹的平均日采食量(P0.05);2)饲粮中添加1×10~9CFU/kg植物乳杆菌显著提高了粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率(P0.05),饲粮中添加1×10~(10)CFU/kg植物乳杆菌显著提高了粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率(P0.05);3)饲粮中添加1×10~8、1×10~9和1×10~(10)CFU/kg植物乳杆菌均显著降低了血清ALT和ALP活性(P0.05),显著增加了血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量(P0.05),饲粮中添加1×10~(10)CFU/kg植物乳杆菌显著提高了血清总蛋白(TP)含量(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌可提高德州驴驹的生长性能以及营养物质表观消化率,并可改善其肝脏功能,提高免疫力,其中以1×10~9CFU/kg植物乳杆菌的作用效果较好。  相似文献   

9.
为了探究从神曲(MMF)和酸面团中分离到的酿酒酵母的作用,本试验研究了新型的复合酵母培养物(YC)、枯草芽孢杆菌(BSK)、木瓜蛋白酶(PE)对保育猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和粪便微生物数量的影响。选择平均体重为(15.70±0.26)kg的断奶仔猪225头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复15头猪。对照(CT)组饲喂基础饲粮,YC组饲喂基础饲粮+5 g/kg YC,BSK组饲喂基础饲粮+2×1011CFU/kg BSK,PE组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 g/kg PE,复合(YP)组饲喂基础饲粮+5 g/kg YC+0.3 g/kg PE。预试期5 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:1)YP组末重、平均日增重显著高于CT组(P0.05),料重显著低于CT组(P0.05);YC组末重高于CT、BSK、PE组(P0.05)。各组间平均日采食量无显著差异(P0.05)。YC、PE和YP组的腹泻率均显著低于CT和BSK组(P0.05)。2)YC、BSK、PE、YP组总能和干物质的表观消化率显著高于CT组(P0.05),YC组粗蛋白质、磷的表观消化率显著低于YP组(P0.05),YC组酸性洗涤纤维、钙的表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。各组间有机物和粗脂肪的表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05)。3)YC、YP组粪便乳酸菌数量和乳酸菌/大肠杆菌显著高于其他各组(P0.05),粪便大肠杆菌数量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。由此可知,新型YC可以改善仔猪生长性能和肠道生态环境,YC和PE的联用对仔猪生长也有积极作用。  相似文献   

10.
文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平的饲用枯草芽孢杆菌对9～24周龄育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化及粪便特征的影响。将600头9周龄平均初始体重为（22.96±0.09）kg的商品猪随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复40头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,T1和T2组肥猪分别饲喂基础日粮+100和200?mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌（3×108?CFU/kg）,试验共进行15周。结果：与对照组相比,T2组15?w育肥猪体重显著提高4.37%（P＜0.05）,同时T1和T2组1～15?w育肥猪的平均日增重较对照组分别显著提高3.81%和5.35%（P＜0.05）,饲料报酬分别显著提高4.44%和4.44%（P＜0.05）。T1和T2组育肥猪干物质表观消化率分别较对照组显著提高8.75%和9.37%（P＜0.05）,同时T1组育肥猪有机物表观消化率较对照组显著提高了6.13%（P＜0.05）。日粮添加100和200?mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌可以显著降低6和15?w育肥猪粪便中氨气浓度和大肠杆菌数量（P＜0.05）,同时T1和T2组15?w育肥猪粪便中乳酸杆菌数量也显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮添加100～200?mg/kg饲用枯草芽孢杆菌（3×108?CFU/kg）可改善9～24周龄育肥猪的饲料报酬,改善干物质表观消化率,降低粪中氨气浓度和大肠杆菌数量。 [关键词]育肥猪|枯草芽孢杆菌|生长性能|养分消化|粪便特征  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

14.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

17.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

18.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.  相似文献   

20.
<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.  相似文献   

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