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1.
玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑土肥力特征的影响   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  
通过4年田间定位试验,研究均匀垄与宽窄行种植模式下玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑土肥力特征与玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在均匀垄与宽窄行种植模式下,玉米秸秆深翻还田能明显降低耕层(0~20 cm)的土壤容重,增加相应的土壤含水量,提高土壤有机质与速效氮、速效钾含量。对亚耕层(21~40 cm)土壤的培育作用更为突出,与无秸秆还田处理相比,秸秆深翻还田使亚耕层土壤容重分别下降6.8%和10.2%,土壤有机质含量分别增加20.1%和14.2%,速效氮含量分别增加12.2%和12.3%,速效钾含量分别增加20.0%和22.0%。秸秆覆盖还田显著增加耕层的土壤有机质与速效氮含量,对亚耕层土壤肥力特征的影响不明显。在两种植模式下,秸秆不同还田方式玉米产量均表现为秸秆深翻无秸秆还田秸秆覆盖。在东北黑土区,玉米秸秆深翻还田措施能够有效提升土壤肥力,实现玉米的稳产与增产。  相似文献   

2.
生物炭配施氮肥对土壤物理性质及春玉米产量的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
在包头和通辽试验点,设0、8、16、24 t/hm^2生物炭水平及0、150、300 kg/hm^2施氮水平,研究生物炭配施氮肥对土壤物理性质及春玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在0~20 cm土层,生物炭能够显著降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,且与氮肥存在交互作用。0~20 cm和21~40 cm土层,生物炭和氮肥均可显著提高土壤含水量和蓄水量,土壤持水性随生物炭量增加呈先增后减的趋势。生物炭和氮肥均可有效降低土壤三相比偏离值。炭氮配施可显著提高春玉米产量和氮效率,包头和通辽均以8 t/hm^2生物炭配施150 kg/hm^2氮为最大值,较单施氮肥增产20.07%和15.59%。  相似文献   

3.
通过8年田间定位试验,研究玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米产量、剖面土壤无机氮积累、氮素平衡和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,通过线性加平台回归方程,求得2012~2019年最高玉米产量所需的适宜施氮量依次为202.7、193.7、182.2、171.2、163.6、156.1、150.7和150.5 kg/hm2。氮素表观损失量和土壤残留矿质氮量均随着施氮量增加而显著增加,两者与施氮量之间均呈显著正相关。每增加10 kg/hm2施氮量,土壤残留矿质氮量、氮素表观损失量分别增加9.09~10.34、5.89~7.34 kg/hm2。当施氮量超过150 kg/hm2时,各处理间玉米吸氮量差异不显著,土壤残留矿质氮、氮素表观损失量之间差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。随着施氮量增加,氮肥利用率呈先增加后减小趋势,当施氮量为150 kg/hm2时,两年氮肥利用率分别达到最高（75.2%和92.3%）。当施氮量为210~330 kg/hm2,剖面土壤无机氮残留量显著增加,造成土壤无机氮在土壤深层（60~100 cm）的大量累积。  相似文献   

4.
秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦氮素吸收特性及产量的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为筛选砂姜黑土玉米秸秆全量还田条件下冬小麦生长季适宜的施氮量,通过秸秆还田定位试验,探讨了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥(162.0、202.5、243.0、283.5和324.0kg·hm-2)对冬小麦产量、植株含氮量、氮素吸收强度及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田后,前两年小麦产量连续下降,降幅达4.1%~46.1%,从第四年开始产量增加,增幅为5.7%~12.8%,尤其以配施纯氮243.0kg·hm-2的增幅最高。在秸秆还田配施低量氮(162.0~202.5kg·hm-2)和过量氮(324.0kg·hm-2)下,小麦整个生育期植株含氮量呈单峰曲线变化,高峰期分别出现在拔节、开花和孕穗期;配施高量氮(243.0、283.5kg·hm-2)时小麦植株含氮量分别在越冬期和拔节至孕穗出现高峰。小麦植株吸氮强度在各生育时期均随施氮量的增加而增强,配施低量氮肥会导致小麦生育后期发生早衰。秸秆还田配施氮肥下,小麦达到最高产量9 860kg·hm-2时植株的适宜含氮量为3.12%~4.72%,拔节和孕穗期较高。氮肥农学效率、植株地上部氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率均随施氮量的增加而显著降低,而施氮处理的氮素收获指数显著高于不施氮处理。综合考虑,冬小麦生长季玉米秸秆还田适宜的配施氮量为243.0kg·hm-2,并且在连续还田4年后冬小麦才表现出较好的增产效果  相似文献   

5.
以冬小麦品种安麦1350为材料,设置秸秆不还田不施氮(CK)、秸秆不还田常规施氮300 kg/hm2(N1)、秸秆还田减量施氮225 kg/hm2(N2)、秸秆还田常规施氮300 kg/hm2(N3)4个处理,探究安阳地区秸秆还田下氮肥用量对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥可增加冬小麦叶面...  相似文献   

6.
通过田间试验,在氮磷钾等养分量条件下,研究牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪替代25%化肥氮和秸秆全量还田配施化肥对0～100 cm土层硝态氮淋溶和积累及玉米产量构成的影响。秸秆全量还田配施化肥、牛粪替代25%化肥氮处理土壤硝态氮淋溶作用较小,完熟期0～40 cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为86.2 kg/hm~2和73.1 kg/hm~2,均显著高于其他有机肥替代化肥处理。习惯施肥、鸡粪替代25%化肥氮、猪粪替代25%化肥氮处理土壤硝态氮淋溶较强,完熟期0～40 cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为54.2、65.4、68.5 kg/hm~2。鸡粪替代25%化肥氮处理玉米产量最高,为13 616.9kg/hm~2,比习惯施肥增产13.6%,与其他有机肥替代化肥处理产量差异均达显著水平。在等养分量条件下,有机肥替代25%化肥氮及秸秆全量还田配施化肥均可增加0～40 cm土层硝态氮累积量,减少淋溶损失。  相似文献   

7.
向午燕  董智  冯晨  蔡倩  张哲  郑家明  白伟 《玉米科学》2023,31(1):126-134
通过连续两年定位试验,研究不同灌水量和秸秆还田量对春玉米生长发育、干物质积累与分配、产量与构成因素以及水分利用效率影响。结果表明,相同秸秆还田量不同灌水量处理间差异明显,株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干物质均随着灌水量的增加而增加。适宜秸秆还田量有利于提高春玉米成熟期株高与叶面积,灌水量和秸秆还田量互作显著影响成熟期穗重。不同灌水量下春玉米的穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重和产量差异均显著,不同秸秆还田量对穗粒数、百粒重和产量的影响也差异显著,350 mm灌水量下秸秆还田3 000 kg/hm2处理、450 mm灌水量下秸秆还田6 000 kg/hm2处理产量具有显著优势。不同秸秆还田量对播前土壤蓄水量、收获土壤蓄水量及水分利用效率的影响显著,秸秆还田比不还田土壤蓄水量增加6.38%～9.88%,水分利用效率提高7.67%～22.68%。在沈阳地区枯水年春玉米秸秆还田量3 000 kg/hm2、平水年秸秆还田量6 000 kg/hm2是区域最佳的秸秆还田量。  相似文献   

8.
为了解不同秸秆还田方式的效果,在田间定位试验的基础上,比较分析了玉米秸秆直接还田(J)、过腹即牛粪还田(F)和发酵后沼液还田(Z)后麦田土壤碳、氮、水和小麦产量的变化。结果表明,三种秸秆还田处理均提高了0~60cm土层土壤有机碳增量(即相对于播前土壤有机碳储量的增加量),在0~20和20~60cm土层三种秸秆还田处理土壤有机碳增量均分别以越冬期和拔节期最高。在越冬期,F和Z处理0~40cm土层的土壤氮含量显著增加,J处理土壤氮含量与不还田对照差异不显著;在拔节期和开花期,三种秸秆还田处理0~20cm土层以及F和J处理20~40cm土层的土壤氮含量均显著增加。秸秆还田提高了土壤保水能力,在开花期,三种秸秆还田处理0~80cm土层的土壤含水量均显著高于对照。在越冬期和拔节期,F和Z处理的干物质积累量和单茎干重与对照差异不显著,但J处理显著降低;三种秸秆还田处理的成熟期干物质积累量和单茎干重均显著增加,以J处理最高。三种秸秆还田处理均显著提高了小麦穗数和产量,其中Z处理增产23.0%。因此,三种秸秆还田方式均能改善土壤质量和提高小麦产量,其中沼液还田综合效应最好。  相似文献   

9.
PAL肥料增效剂对黄土旱塬春玉米产量及光合特性的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
2008～2010年在陇东黄土旱塬进行春玉米田间试验,研究PAL肥料增效剂对黄土旱塬春玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及光合特性的影响。结果表明,在相同施氮量情况下,配施凹凸棒(PAL)肥料增效剂玉米增产效果明显,施氮量180 kg/hm2、配施PAL肥料增效剂90 kg/hm2的处理春玉米产量和水分利用效率最高,3年平均分别为11 637.6 kg/hm2和43.8 kg/(mm.hm2),较不施肥处理分别增加14.4%和13.0%,较相同施氮量不配施PAL处理分别增加6.0%和5.4%,产量性状优,具有较高的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片水分利用效率。  相似文献   

10.
分析2018～2020年不同处理土壤养分、玉米产量、土壤氮磷平衡的差异,筛选出集增产、土壤养分维系及生态环境保护为一体的施肥模式。结果表明,秸秆还田后,土壤有机质、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷含量均有提高,以T4处理(氮、磷减量10%,秸秆还田)最高。秸秆还田增产效果随还田时间增加逐渐明显;T1处理(不施肥、秸秆不还田)经济产量逐年降低,其他处理产量均显著提高。各施肥处理土壤氮素均有盈余,其中,T4处理盈余量随时间增加有下降趋势,T5处理(氮、磷减量30%,秸秆还田)盈余量最低。各施肥处理磷盈余量为165.41～270.16 kg/hm2。相较T2处理(单施化肥),秸秆还田伴随氮、磷化肥减施利于降低环境污染风险。秸秆还田伴随化肥减施能提升土壤养分含量,增加玉米产量,减轻环境污染风险,综合结果显示,T4处理较优。  相似文献   

11.
Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  
Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.  相似文献   

12.
Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.  相似文献   

13.
种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。  相似文献   

14.
Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.  相似文献   

15.
Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.  相似文献   

16.
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。  相似文献   

17.
通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。  相似文献   

18.
Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high Mr polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.  相似文献   

19.
介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。  相似文献   

20.
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N2 fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N2 and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the Nmin-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N2 fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.  相似文献   

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