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重组在RNA病毒中很常见,但有关重组的许多关键问题目前尚无法解释。本文主要针对RNA重组的发生机制及其影响因素,解释重组频率发生变化的原因,阐述RNA重组未来仍需解决的问题。RNA重组是RNA病毒特殊的遗传信息交换方式,其频率在不同的RNA病毒中显著不同。目前,研究者普遍认为重组发生的机制可分为复制型、非复制型重组以及重配,并且借助新方法和新技术,逐渐了解了影响该过程的病毒和细胞因子。有研究表明,RNA病毒中RNA的重组和重配率非常高,这与RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRp)的保真性相关。因此,深入了解病毒重组机制并发现其中的规律,可实现对新型病毒以及新疫情的预警预报,从而有预见性地控制疫病的发生和流行。 相似文献
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正链RNA病毒是家族非常庞大,可以感染多种动、植物及人的一类病毒。研究这类病毒的复制机理和调控方式对于阐明病毒的致病机制,以及研制新型抗病毒药物和疫苗等具有重要意义。RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶（RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,RdRp）是正链RNA病毒进行复制的关键蛋白酶,研究其结构与功能是了解病毒复制机理的前提和基础。本文即对近年来关于正链RNA病毒RdRp的结构与功能研究进展情况进行综述。 相似文献
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家蚕细胞质型多角体病毒的核酸结合蛋白 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用Northwestern分子杂交方法 ,研究了家蚕细胞质型多角体病毒 (BmCPV)结构蛋白质的功能 ,结果证明VP1、VP3和VP4具有与核酸结合的能力 ,暗示了VP1可能是依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶 ,在病毒核酸复制中起作用 ;VP4可能是核酸结合蛋白 ,在病毒粒子的复制包装过程中有结合核酸、促成完整病毒粒子形成的作用 ,可能是BmCPV病毒复制包装中的关键蛋白 相似文献
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猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine reporoductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）基因组5′非翻译区（untranslated region,UTR）对病毒复制转录等过程至关重要,但其发挥作用的机制尚不清楚。本实验室将欧洲型PRRSV 5′UTR替换入北美型PRRSV弱毒株感染性克隆pAPRRS的骨架中,构建pAPLV5。经过DNA转染入MARC-145细胞系中,两次传代后,拯救出嵌合病毒vAPLV5。通过对嵌合病毒的全长测序发现,嵌合病毒基因组较亲本病毒发生了碱基突变,突变主要集中于Nsp2和Nsp9位置。将Nsp9位置（病毒的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶,RNA-dependent KNA povymerase,RdRp）的4处突变位点引入嵌合病毒的感染性克隆pAPLV5,所构建的4个突变嵌合克隆转染MARC-145细胞后无需传代即产生细胞病变（cytopathic effect,CPE）,且P0代病毒滴度较原嵌合病毒vAPLV5高。通过半定量负链和亚基因组检测发现,突变嵌合病毒的RNA合成水平也较亲本嵌合病毒高。由此推测PRRSV 5′UTR功能可能与RdRp相关,异源的5′UTR通过突变RdRp来发挥其调控作用,完成病毒拯救过程。 相似文献
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牛病毒性腹泻病毒生物型转化分子机制的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从病毒基因与宿主细胞基因的重组、病毒基因的复制与重排、病毒基因的重复复制和序列插入、病毒基因的缺失和点突变几个方面阐述了牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）由非致细胞病变型（NCP）向致细胞病变型（CP）转化的分子变异机制。总结了前人对NCP型向CP型BVDV转化研究的结果，归纳了5种生物型转化形式，揭示了BVDV具有高变异性。 相似文献
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RNA干扰及其抗口蹄疫病毒复制的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）是指由双链RNA（double strand RNA,dsRNA）介导的序列特异性RNA降解作用。已经证明,在植物和昆虫细胞中RNAi是其主要的抗病毒机制,但迄今为止,几乎没有发现哺乳动物细胞感染病毒后能自发诱导有效的抗病毒RNAi反应。为此,通过人工方法在哺乳动物细胞中建立有效的抗病毒RNAi便成了国内外学者孜孜探索的重要抗病毒策略之一。目前,RNAi的分子机制及其功能仍然有待更加深入地研究与阐明,但它作为一种反向遗传学手段已经在基因组结构与功能研究中得到广泛运用,不仅在抗多种哺乳动物病毒的研究方面取得了令人振奋的结果,而且已作为一种治疗策略运用于人类抵抗重大遗传性和病毒性疾病的研究当中。笔者对RNAi的分子机制,及其抗口蹄疫病毒复制的相关研究进展作了有关介绍。 相似文献
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一些病毒复制过程涉及到断裂双链DNA的修复,主要有同源重组和非同源的末端连接2种修复形式。基于这种修复机制建立了构建重组杆状病毒的无缝克隆方法,采用该方法构建重组病毒的2个主要元件是:线性化的复制缺陷型杆状病毒载体和重组拯救DNA片段。杆状病毒载体经Bsu36Ⅰ酶切后产生2个末端,即切短了的orf1629 3'末端和细菌人工染色体(BAC)末端。其中,含克隆目的基因的重组拯救DNA片段通过同源臂同源重组修复病毒载体orf1629缺失的3'端序列,并通过细胞内的非同源末端连接修复细菌人工染色体片段(BAC)Kanr末端,从而使载体环化产生重组杆状病毒。应用该方法构建重组杆状病毒无需构建重组载体,无需进行重组后筛选,具有成本低、效率高的特点。 相似文献
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通过研究慢病毒介导的RNA干扰靶向新城疫病毒P基因抑制其在鸡胚成纤维细胞上的复制,从而为新城疫病毒的抗病毒研究奠定基础。①针对NDVP基因设计siRNA干扰序列,构建慢病毒（lentivirus）介导的RNAi重组载体;②携带有siRNA表达元件重组慢病毒包装及其滴度测定;③包装后重组慢病毒接种CEF细胞并接毒NDV,48h分别进行Realtime RT-PCR和NDV滴度测定,并观察细胞病变情况。结果表明,本研究针对NDVNA-1株P基因2个RNAi靶位（位于开放阅读框的641和827位）设计的RNAi641和RNAi-827,对病毒复制具很强的抑制效果,且641位的重要性大于827位． 相似文献
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单股正链RNA病毒数量众多,对人、动物和植物造成很大的危害。病毒基因组3＇末端都具有一段非编码区,基因组3＇非编码区在病毒的复制过程中发挥着重要的作用。本文简单介绍了单股正链RNA病毒基因组3＇非编码区结构的预测、测定和功能的研究方法,并重点概括了不同单股正链RNA病毒3＇非编码区一级序列、茎-环结构、假结体、TLS等结构在病毒基因组的复制、转录和翻译中的调控作用以及目前存在的问题。 相似文献
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单股正链RNA病毒基因组末端的非编码区(non-coding region,NCR)不仅参与RNA-RNA间相互作用,还可以通过与反式作用因子(trans-acting factor)结合,发挥对病毒基因组的复制、转录和组装等过程的调控作用.本文对近年来一些关于单股正链RNA病毒基因组非编码区的结构与功能研究进展情况进行综述. 相似文献
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Viruses may be viewed as genetic information whose success depends on avoiding elimination from individual hosts, or, if this is not possible, in persisting in the population of their hosts. The immune system represents the crucial defense mechanism responsible for the elimination of viruses from individual hosts and for the establishment of immunity that prevents a recurring infection by the same virus. Herd immunity, i.e., immunity of the population against infection resulting from the immunity of a certain fraction of the individuals of the population, represents an important concept in the interaction of viruses with their hosts. Thus, if the number of susceptible hosts decreases below a critical threshold, viruses may risk extinction because they literally run out of substrate. This possibility is increased due to the viruses' low resistance to inactivation outside their hosts by physical influences, such as heat and ultraviolet radiation. Some viruses have adopted a strategy of dual host tropism, i.e., they may reside in reservoir hosts that permit them to survive for extended periods of times. Examples of such viruses are the large and taxonomically diverse group of arboviruses. Moreover, although not normally discussed under this aspect, influenza viruses can also be said to have adopted this strategy, in view of water fowl representing reservoir hosts from which complete viruses may directly cross over to mammals, as was the case with the equine Jilin (Guo et al., 1995) or, more recently, the H5 subtype of influenza virus in humans (Shortridge et al., 1998). In addition, influenza viruses of birds may be transmitted, albeit only partially, through genetic reassortment (Shu et al., 1996). 相似文献
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Esteban Domingo 《Veterinary research》2010,41(6)
A number of virologic and environmental factors are involved in the emergence and re-emergence of viral disease. Viruses do not conservatively occupy a single and permanent ecological niche. Rather, due to their intrinsic capacity for genetic change, and to the evolvability of fitness levels, viruses display a potential to parasitize alternative host species. Mutation, recombination and genome segment reassortment, and combination of these molecular events, produce complex and phenotypically diverse populations of viruses, which constitute the raw material on which selection acts. The majority of emerging viral diseases of humans have a zoonotic origin. Sociologic and ecologic factors produce diverse and changing environments in which viral subpopulations have ample opportunities to be selected from intrinsically heterogeneous viral populations, particularly in the case of RNA viruses. In this manner, new human, animal and plant viruses have emerged periodically and, from all evidence, will continue to emerge. This article reviews some of the mechanisms that have been identified in viral emergence, with a focus on the importance of genetic variation of viruses, and on the general concept of biological complexity. 相似文献
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Pestiviruses: a review 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
V Moenning 《Veterinary microbiology》1990,23(1-4):35-54
Pestiviruses comprise a group of economically important animal pathogens, namely hog cholera, bovine viral diarrhoea and border disease viruses. The viruses are serologically closely related and share a common host spectrum, i.e. pigs and numerous domestic and wild living ruminants. Interspecies transmissions occur frequently. Despite some common features in their natural hosts, pathogenesis of pestivirus-induced disease is complex; especially some aspects of highly fatal mucosal disease of cattle are still enigmatic. Pestiviruses are amongst the smallest enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses with an icosaeder-shaped nucleocapsid. They are currently classified as Togaviridae. However, based on recent progress in the molecular characterisation of the viruses their taxonomic real-location seems inevitable. Viral RNAs studied so far display one large open reading frame and in infected cells no subgenomic RNA is demonstrable. Structural proteins are coded for by genes located at the 5' end of the RNA. The majority of the genome codes for 2-3 nonstructural proteins. Virions are composed of a major and one minor envelope glycoprotein with molecular weights of 53 and 48 kD respectively. The core is composed of a small protein with a molecular weight of 20 kD. Analysis of viral proteins with monoclonal antibodies has yielded detailed information about the antigenic composition of both structural and nonstructural proteins. 相似文献