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1.
碳酸盐碱度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾基因的差异表达 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以广盐性养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,采用抑制消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)和定量PCR的方法,研究其在高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下转录组水平的基因表达差异,以期从基因组水平研究对虾对高碳酸盐碱度胁迫的适应机制。结果表明,以高碳酸盐碱度(20 mmol/L)胁迫第4天凡纳滨对虾鳃组织和低碱度(2 mmol/L)对照组鳃组织为材料,通过斑点杂交筛选,发现鳃组织中有158个克隆子表达上调,291个克隆子表达下调。挑选150个高表达差异的克隆子进行测序,获得100个序列,其中50个得到成功注释。经过GO分析,这些注释的差异基因主要分为8大类群,其中碳酸酐酶基因(CA)、Na+-K+-ATPase基因(NKA-α)等与离子调控相关的基因表达量上调,而溶菌酶基因等与先天免疫相关的基因表达量下调,这些结果表明高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下,凡纳滨对虾以增加离子调控的方式进行酸碱平衡的调控,同时其免疫功能受到抑制。此外,还对CA和NKA-α两个基因在鳃和触角腺中的时空表达规律进行了研究,发现高碳酸盐碱度胁迫9 d过程中,两个基因在鳃组织中的表达均呈现先高表达后回落的现象,而在触角腺中NKA-α基因则一直维持较高表达水平,说明CA和NKA-α基因在凡纳滨对虾高碳酸盐碱度适应离子调控中起着关键作用,同时还发现除了鳃组织之外,触角腺同样参与了调控。本研究从转录水平初步筛选了高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾的表达差异基因,探索了凡纳滨对虾的耐盐碱机制,对培育适于盐碱地水产养殖的优良品种有着重要的意义。 相似文献
2.
基于转录组分析筛选凡纳滨对虾低温胁迫下的差异表达基因 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)是中国主要的对虾养殖品种之一,对低温的耐受性较差,低于18℃就会停止摄食。为了探究凡纳滨对虾耐低温性状相关基因,选用凡纳滨对虾低温胁迫组(18℃)和常温组(24℃)肝胰腺组织为实验材料,进行Illumina HiSeq 2500测序,对测序原始数据进行拼接、注释,以及筛选分析低温胁迫下的差异表达基因。结果显示,测序共获得50921条基因(unigene),平均长度为828 bp, N50为1589 bp,其中28.13%为已知基因。基因差异表达分析共筛选得到243个低温胁迫相关基因,其中89个上调表达, 154个下调表达。功能富集分析发现,差异表达基因多富集在生物结合和催化过程、过氧化物酶、溶酶体、精氨酸和脯氨酸的代谢以及氨基酸的生物合成途径中。进一步根据Q-值共筛选出10个差异表达最显著的基因,其中ATP结合盒B亚家族6转运蛋白基因(ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 6, ABCB6)、C型凝集素基因(C type lectin)、谷氨酰胺合成酶基因(glutamine synthetase, GS)在低温胁迫下均呈下调表达,推测可能参与了凡纳滨对虾低温应答反应。利用Real time RT-PCR验证转录组数据,结果证明基于转录组测序筛选低温胁迫下的差异表达基因是可行的。本研究为揭示凡纳滨对虾耐低温分子调控机制提供了基础数据和理论依据。 相似文献
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盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼鳃Na+/HCO3-共转运子、碳酸酐酶基因表达的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了探讨盐碱胁迫条件下鱼类渗透生理调节机制,以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验材料, PCR扩增得到了Na+/3HCO-共转运子(NBCe1)基因cDNA部分序列,比较了单盐(盐度10、盐度15)、单碱(1.5 g/L、3 g/L NaHCO3)、盐碱混合(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L;盐度15,碱度3 g/L)胁迫后不同时间(0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h)血清渗透压、离子浓度(Na+、K+、Cl–、Ca2+)以及鳃碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化。结果显示,不同胁迫条件下,血清渗透压、离子浓度、鳃组织 CA 酶活、CA 与 NBCe1基因 mRNA 表达变化均与胁迫强度呈正相关。随时间推移,血清渗透压、离子浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,单盐、盐碱混合组血清渗透压值较单碱组高。单盐、单碱、盐碱混合组中, NBCe1基因mRNA在鳃中均呈略微上调,但不显著(P>0.05)。单碱组和盐碱混合组鳃CA活性较单盐组高,低盐碱胁迫(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L)下CA活性较晚达最高值;不同胁迫条件下, CA基因mRNA表达均表现上调,单碱、盐碱混合组更为显著(P<0.05),推测CA较NBCe1对体内3HCO-转运作用更为显著。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼盐碱适应生理调节提供了基础资料。 相似文献
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E75是对虾蜕皮激素信号通路的关键调控因子。为了深入了解E75基因的结构和功能,本实验从转录组数据中筛选得到注释为凡纳滨对虾E75基因的转录本,经与基因组序列比对分析,鉴定发现凡纳滨对虾E75基因至少存在6种可变剪接体,分别命名为LvE75-1、LvE75-2、LvE75-3、LvE75-4、LvE75-5和LvE75-6。其中LvE75-1/2/4/5/6均包含DBD和LBD结构域,与果蝇E75A/C有相同的结构域,而LvE75-3仅包含LBD结构域,与果蝇E75D相同。在凡纳滨对虾蜕皮过程中,LvE75-1/2/3/4在D3～D4时期高表达,而LvE75-5和LvE75-6表达量很低。在成体组织中,LvE75各种剪切形式在所有检测的组织中均有表达,且在表皮、肠和鳃中表达较高,在肝胰脏、血细胞和淋巴组织中仅LvE75-3表达较高。实验通过双链RNA干扰LvE75基因的表达,在干扰样品中,检测到Halloween基因中的spo、phm和dib表达下调,shd表达上调,表明LvE75可能通过调控Halloween基因的表达来影响蜕皮激素的合成;同时E75基因的干扰也使同为蜕皮激素早期应答基因的Br-C基因和Ftz-F1基因表达下调,HR3基因表达上调,表明LvE75基因对蜕皮信号通路上下游基因均有作用。在LvE75基因持续干扰12 d后,凡纳滨对虾的蜕皮率显著低于对照组,而死亡率显著高于对照组,说明LvE75基因对凡纳滨对虾的蜕皮和生存具有重要作用。 相似文献
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低温是影响凡纳滨对虾养殖的重要因素。为探明凡纳滨对虾在应对低温胁迫下的分子机制,通过RACE方法对凡纳滨对虾胸腺肽(Lvthy)基因进行克隆,并对其序列特征进行分析,并通过荧光定量PCR对其组织分布表达及低温胁迫下的表达谱进行分析,最后通过siRNA干扰的方法对其表达量进行敲降,对其在凡纳滨对虾低温胁迫下的功能进行验证。Lvthy基因cDNA全长1765 bp,开放阅读框长度729 bp,编码242个氨基酸。组织分布分析结果显示,Lvthy基因在对虾不同组织中均有表达,在胃组织中表达量最高,其次是在肠道、心脏和脑组织。低温胁迫试验结果显示：Lvthy基因在低温刺激1 h后表达量开始上调;3 h后表达量达到最高,是正常状态下的2.7倍;随后Lvthy基因表达量开始下降。RNAi干扰试验结果显示,敲降Lvthy基因后,凡纳滨对虾在低温胁迫下的存活率仅为31%,显著低于对照组存活率(83%)。试验结果表明,胸腺肽在凡纳滨对虾响应低温胁迫的生理过程中发挥重要的作用,本试验结果可为胸腺肽在甲壳动物应对低温胁迫下的适应机制研究奠定基础。 相似文献
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饲料中添加酵母提取物对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关基因表达及抗菌机能的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了评估饲料中添加酵母提取物对凡纳滨对虾免疫灵敏性和平衡性的相关基因表达的影响,以鱼粉含量为24.5%的基础饲料(对照组)及在基础饲料中添加2.5%酵母提取物的实验饲料,分别饲喂凡纳滨对虾56 d,检测两种饲料投喂的对虾在急性感染溶藻弧菌前后鳃组织Toll受体、IM D和溶菌酶mRNA表达量变化及感染后的对虾死亡情况。结果表明:摄食添加酵母提取物饲料的凡纳滨对虾鳃组织中Toll受体mRNA和溶菌酶mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组对虾(P0.05),IMD mRNA表达量与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。急性感染溶藻弧菌后,两组对虾鳃组织Toll受体、IMD和溶菌酶mRNA表达量随感染进程均出现显著变化,Toll受体、IMD和溶菌酶mRNA表达量峰值出现的时间分别为24、42和36 h,且摄食添加酵母提取物组对虾各基因的表达量峰值分别为对照组峰值的201.06%、481.46%和276.77%,均显著高于对照组对虾(P0.05)。摄食添加酵母提取物饲料组对虾鳃组织中Toll受体和IM D mRNA表达量在感染溶藻弧菌后12和24 h分别出现显著上调,而对照组对虾鳃组织中Toll受体和IMD mRNA表达量分别在感染弧菌后24和42 h才出现显著上调。两组对虾经溶藻弧菌人工急性感染后72 h内的累积死亡率无显著差异(P0.05)。实验表明,饲料中添加酵母提取物上调了溶藻弧菌感染前凡纳滨对虾Toll受体和溶菌酶mRNA的表达量,提早了溶藻弧菌感染后对虾Toll受体和IMD mRNA表达量上调时间,且增加了对虾Toll受体、IM D和溶菌酶mRNA表达量的峰值,在一定程度上提高了凡纳滨对虾免疫相关基因表达的灵敏性。 相似文献
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为了分析凡纳滨对虾JAK(Lv-JAK)和STAT(Lv-STAT)基因应答病原菌侵染的表达变化特征,本实验利用半定量PCR技术分析了Lv-JAK和Lv-STAT基因的组织表达特征,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了其在苏云金芽孢杆菌侵染过程中的表达变化特征。结果显示,Lv-JAK和Lv-STAT基因在凡纳滨对虾的9种组织中有不同程度的表达,均在鳃、肠道和心脏中表达量较高。苏云金芽孢杆菌感染后,在鳃组织中,Lv-JAK和Lv-STAT基因的相对表达量在感染的中晚期(24~72 h)显著上调表达;在肠道组织中,Lv-JAK基因的相对表达量在感染后的6和24 h显著上调,Lv-STAT基因的相对表达量在感染后的24和72 h显著上调。综上表明,JAK和STAT基因在一定程度上参与了凡纳滨对虾体内由苏云金芽孢杆菌引发的天然免疫应答过程,探讨凡纳滨对虾JAK和STAT基因应答苏云金芽孢杆菌感染的表达变化特征,有助于研究对虾JAK/STAT通路在应答病原菌侵染过程中的功能和作用机制。 相似文献
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6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶(Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS)是海藻糖合成的关键酶,在生物体逆境胁迫应答中发挥着重要的作用。本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)高温胁迫转录组测序的Unigene序列为基础,采用直接PCR扩增的方法,获得了TPS部分cDNA (完整的ORF和部分UTR)序列(LvTPS)。序列分析结果显示,LvTPS序列包含1个2529 bp的开放阅读框,可编码842个氨基酸,分子量为95.4 kDa,等电点为6.17。LvTPS具有Glyco-transf-20和Trehalose PPase 2个功能结构域。多序列比对结果显示,LvTPS与中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的相似性最高,为63.73%;系统进化树显示,凡纳滨对虾与中国对虾亲缘关系最近,并与蓝蟹(Callinectes sapidus)、脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)、克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia)等无脊椎动物聚为一支,脊椎动物单独聚为一支。基因表达水平的定量分析结果显示,LvTPS在鳃、肝胰腺、眼柄、心脏、神经和肌肉6种组织中均表达。鳃和肌肉表达量基本相同,为最高;眼柄、心脏和神经表达量次之,显著低于鳃和肌肉中的表达量(P<0.05);肝胰腺中表达量为最低,显著低于其他5种组织中的表达量(P<0.05)。与26℃温度下的凡纳滨对虾相比,水温升至32℃时,眼柄和心脏中的LvTPS显著上调表达(P<0.05);水温升至38℃时,鳃、肝胰腺、眼柄和心脏中LvTPS显著上调表达(P<0.05)。其中,在肝胰腺中表达量变化较显著。之后,随着温度的下降,其表达量总体呈下调趋势。回温至32℃和26℃时,6种组织中LvTPS基因表达量与对照组均无显著性差异。在神经和肌肉中,不同温度胁迫下的LvTPS基因表达量没有显著变化。上述研究结果表明,LvTPS与凡纳滨对虾应对高温胁迫过程密切相关。本研究可为解析凡纳滨对虾应答高温胁迫机制提供一些基础数据。 相似文献
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非离子氨胁迫对淡水和海水养殖凡纳滨对虾呼吸代谢酶活力影响的比较 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了探讨非离子氨胁迫对淡水和海水两种养殖条件的凡纳滨对虾呼吸代谢酶活力的影响,在实验室条件下研究了非离子氨胁迫(0.1 mg/L和0.5 mg/L)后,两种养殖条件凡纳滨对虾己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活力的变化规律,并将两种养殖条件对虾的相关指标进行了比较。结果显示:(1)非离子氨胁迫后,两种养殖条件凡纳滨对虾鳃HK活力变化显著,而肌肉HK活力变化则不显著。(2)非离子氨胁迫后,两种养殖条件凡纳滨对虾鳃PK活力先升高,后逐渐恢复到正常水平;淡水养殖对虾肌肉PK活力则显著升高,而海水养殖对虾肌肉PK活力变化则不显著。(3)0.1 mg/L非离子氨胁迫后,两种养殖条件对虾鳃和肌肉LDH活力变化均不显著,而0.5 mg/L非离子氨对两种养殖条件对虾鳃和肌肉的LDH活力均具有显著影响。(4)非离子氨胁迫后,两种养殖条件对虾鳃和肌肉SDH活力均显著降低。研究表明,非离子氨胁迫对淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾呼吸代谢酶活力具有显著影响;非离子氨胁迫后,凡纳滨对虾有氧代谢迅速减弱,而无氧代谢在胁迫初期略有升高,随后减弱,推测非离子氨胁迫可能使对虾机体主要供能物质发生改变。 相似文献
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将VP110基因的部分序列克隆到pET-28a载体中构建pET28a-vp110b重组质粒并进行原核表达,获得重组表达的蛋白rVP110-B;用rVP110-B注射凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei后,经WSSV感染,实验表明,该蛋白注射使凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV的半数死亡时间比对照组延长了20%。用表达纯化的该重组蛋白制备了兔抗rVP110-B多克隆抗体,该抗体用于凡纳滨对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白与rVP110-B的Far-western分析显示,凡纳滨对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白中除90 kDa左右的血蓝蛋白外,在41.7 kDa存在结合条带,经质谱分析表明这条鳃细胞膜蛋白是肌动蛋白。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Iciar Martinez Amaya Velasco Ricardo Pérez-Martín Eskil Forås Michiaki Yamashita Carmen G. Sotelo 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(4):289-297
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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