共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 14 毫秒
1.
在选择鱼类颗粒饲料配方时,首先要考虑到养殖鱼类的食性和对主要营养元素的需求。其次,要了解各种饲料原料营养成分及其相互平衡和这些营养成分的可消化性。还要了解饲料原料的来源。若配制的饲料营养成分不全或不符合鱼类营养的需要,鱼类生长就会受到影响。如果生产的饲料营养成分过多或难以消化,就会造成饲料浪费,增大饲料成本,影响到鱼类的正常生长发育。因此,在选配鱼类颗粒饲料时,应当注意以下几个问题。1多种饲料原料的配合 各种饲料原料都有其特性,营养价值也不相同。就蛋白质含量而言,动物性饲料原料较植物性饲料原料为高。在植物性饲料原料中,饼粕类比糠麸类蛋白质含量高。每一种原料从营养学的角度来看,都不可能满足鱼类对营养的需求,而只是某一种或某一部分营养可以满足鱼 相似文献
2.
【目的】为探明2023年3月初引起中国重庆市渝北区某牛蛙养殖场暴发疾病的原因。【方法】本研究从患病蝌蚪肝脏和肠道中分离优势菌,采用形态学观察、生理生化实验、16S rDNA和rpoB基因序列测定、系统发育学分析进行鉴定。为确定该菌株的致病机理,对该菌株进行了人工感染实验、组织病理学观察、毒力基因检测、生长特性研究及药物敏感性实验。【结果】结果显示,在患病濒死蝌蚪的肝脏和肠道中分离得到的其中一株优势菌命名为LT202303,经鉴定为约氏不动杆菌。该菌株携带OmpA、Omp34和OmpTsx三种毒力基因,具有较强的耐盐性和在广泛的pH范围内生存的能力,对蝌蚪的半数致死浓度为6.8×106 CFU/mL,发病临床症状为肝脏红肿并伴有大量白色结节,肠道透明发黄。组织病理学观察发现该菌株可引起蝌蚪肝脏和肠道的明显炎症反应和病灶性坏死。药敏实验结果显示,分离菌LT202303是一种产β-内酰胺酶的多重耐药细菌。【结论】本研究表明,约氏不动杆菌对蝌蚪具有高致病力,可引起肝脏和肠道等多器官组织的病理损伤最终引发机体的损伤甚至死亡。【意义】本研究首次报道约氏不动杆菌感染引起的牛蛙蝌蚪传染病的暴发,为该疾病的诊断和防控提供理论参考。 相似文献
3.
嗜水气单胞菌感染引起的病害使我国鱼类养殖遭受了严重经济损失，制约了水产养殖业的健康发展。嗜水气单胞菌可产生多种毒力因子，致病过程及影响因素复杂，感染鱼类种类广。鱼类的肠道、脾脏、肝脏和肾脏具有重要的免疫功能，在抵御病原菌入侵中发挥重要作用，其中肠道菌群直接影响着宿主的免疫和炎症反应。本文着重阐述了嗜水气单胞菌感染后鱼类免疫相关器官的组织病理学变化、转录组水平基因的差异表达和通路富集及肠道微生物组成与结构改变，综述了嗜水气单胞菌感染后鱼类病理学和组学水平变化，为研究鱼类免疫应答机制及肠道菌群免疫调节功能提供参考依据。 相似文献
4.
１６萎瘪病【别名】干瘪病,萎瘦病,水鼓病,水肿病。【病因】引起该病的原因较多,如饲料营养缺乏、动物性饲料与植物性饲料比例不当造成的营养失调;因池中残饵或排泄物增多,引起水质恶化,导致鳖轻度中毒而拒食,造成萎瘪;鳖的种质下降,孵出后个体较小,摄食能力弱,常吃不饱;患有某些慢性病,鳖的食欲不好等。此外,也有人认为某些病原微生物,如病毒、细菌等寄生,是造成该病的主要原因。【症状】病鳖背甲骨骼外凸明显,轮廓清晰可见,枯瘦干瘪,体表暗黑色,失去光泽;腹甲柔软发红,亦可见明显的肋骨轮廓;裙边向上卷缩,边缘呈刀削状。有的病鳖四肢基部… 相似文献
5.
【目的】探明引起广西南宁市某养殖基地牛蛙（Rana catesbeiana）爆发疾病的病原及组织病理特性,为养殖牛蛙感染弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的诊断和药物防治提供参考依据。【方法】本研究从患病牛蛙肝脏,脾脏、肾脏、肠道中分离优势菌,采用形态学观察、生理生化试验、16S rRNA基因序列测定、系统发育学分析进行鉴定。为确定该菌株的致病机理,我们对该菌株进行了人工感染试验、组织病理分析、毒力基因检测、药物敏感性试验及耐药基因检测。【结果】从患病牛蛙的肠道中分离获得一株优势菌株(NFCF-02),经形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定及16S rRNA序列分析,最终鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌。该菌株携带cfa、ompX、viaB等6种毒力基因,对牛蛙的半数致死浓度为3.09×106 CFU/mL,且临床症状与自然发病牛蛙的症状基本相同,如肝脏变黄、花肝、肝脏坏死;肾脏充血发红、胃表面有血丝以及肠道呈红色和血脓充塞肠道的症状。组织病理学观察发现其肝细胞变性坏死,肝索排列紊乱;肾小管上皮细胞肿胀坏死、严重区域肾小管崩解、坏死;脾脏中央静脉扩张淤血,含铁血黄素、色素细胞增多;肠黏膜脱落,肠上皮细胞坏死脱落,杯状细胞坏死。药敏试验结果表明分离菌株NFCF-02对新霉素、多粘菌素B、头孢拉定、多西环素4种抗菌药物敏感,对林可霉素和卡那霉素等14种抗菌药物已产生耐药性,携带gyrA、Sul1等7种耐药基因,表明该菌株已产生多重耐药性。【结论】弗氏柠檬酸杆菌对牛蛙具有高致病力,可引起肝脏和肠道等多器官组织的病理损伤最终引发机体的损伤甚至死亡。 相似文献
6.
7.
<正>仔猪白痢是由致病性大肠杆菌引起的10～30日龄仔猪的一种急性肠道传染病。其血清型主要以O8,K88较为多见,其次是O60,O115。健康猪肠道内存在大肠杆菌,但是在正常情况下不致病,一旦气候骤变,圈舍污秽,饲养管理不当,母猪饲料品质不良,饲料突然改 相似文献
8.
鱼类消化道菌群与碳水化合物代谢 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
碳水化合物氧化分解是鱼类能量的重要来源。由于碳水化合物来源广泛、价格相对低廉,饲料中添加适量碳水化合物,不仅可以降低饲料成本,而且可以节约蛋白原料,减少氨氮排放。然而以往研究表明,鱼类摄入超量碳水化合物时会出现抗病力受损、生长迟缓、脂肪肝、死亡率升高等问题。鱼类消化道微生物参与宿主的糖、脂类和蛋白质等代谢过程,对动物营养代谢有重要的调控作用。提高鱼类对饲料的利用率,对鱼类增产、渔民增收具有重要的现实意义。本研究综述了鱼类对碳水化合物的代谢,以鱼类消化道微生物为出发点,阐述了鱼类消化道微生物调控碳水化合物代谢的方式与可能机制,旨在为鱼类高效利用碳水化合物以及节约饲料中蛋白质提供新视角。 相似文献
9.
鱼类黏膜层(主要为皮肤、鳃、肠道等部位)及其共生微生物在调节鱼类黏膜层微环境稳态、促进鱼体健康方面发挥重要作用。近10年来,鱼类肠道黏膜层微生物因其在鱼体营养和健康方面具有重要作用而备受关注,而人们对于其他部位黏膜层(如皮肤、鳃)共生微生物的研究却相对滞后。为更好地了解鱼类黏膜层微生物与鱼体健康的关系,本文将结合近年来的研究结果,对鱼类黏膜层微生物的群落特征、与宿主的相互作用、影响因素、研究策略和应用价值等方面对鱼类黏膜层微生物的研究现状和存在问题进行综述,旨在为鱼类黏膜层微生物未来研究的发展方向,及其在生产、实践方面的应用提供理论参考。 相似文献
10.
鱼类肠道内存在着大量的微生物类群,其在宿主生长发育、代谢及免疫调控过程中扮演着重要的角色。大量研究显示肠道菌群与宿主脂代谢关系密切,能够通过调节肠道短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)、内毒素(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)、胆汁酸、氧化三甲胺等菌群代谢产物以及肠上皮细胞的通透性,影响宿主脂质代谢。本文对国内外鱼类肠道菌群及其与机体脂质代谢作用关系进行梳理,综合报道了鱼类肠道菌群的组成、脂类营养对鱼类肠道菌群的影响、鱼类肠道菌群与机体脂质代谢的关系及基于肠道菌群调控鱼类脂质代谢的策略。在鱼类肠道中,菌群种类及结构的变化或可作为鱼类脂代谢紊乱的早期诊断标志。在此基础上,基于肠道菌群稳态维持而采取调控手段,如合理应用益生菌、益生元等,或将为鱼类等水产动物脂质代谢紊乱防控提供新的方法。 相似文献
11.
为考察饲料中补充晶体或微囊赖氨酸对草鱼生长性能的影响,配制了豆粕含量为23%(高豆粕组),15%(低豆粕组)的两种实用饲料,在低豆粕饲料中补充晶体赖氨酸或微囊赖氨酸,使赖氨酸达到与高豆粕组一致的水平,共4个处理组,即高豆粕组、低豆粕组、低豆粕+晶体赖氨酸(晶体赖氨酸组)、低豆粕+微囊赖氨酸(微囊赖氨酸组),每处理设3个平行。饲养平均体重为(49.0±2.0)g的草鱼8周。结果表明,各组鱼体增重率分别为279.3%、239.7%、245.6%、277.5%,饲料系数为1.62、1.88、1.85、1.62。与低豆粕组相比,添加晶体赖氨酸对草鱼生长无改善(P>0.05),而添加微囊赖氨酸则提高草鱼增重率15.8%(P<0.05),降低饲料系数0.24(P<0.05),在增重率与饲料系数方面达到与高豆粕组基本一致的水平(P>0.05)。对草鱼摄食上述4种饲料0、1、2、3、4、5h后的血浆总游离氨基酸浓度测定结果表明,添加微囊赖氨酸血浆总游离氨基酸的变化趋势与高豆粕组、低豆粕组一致,即在饲后3h达到高峰,而添加晶体赖氨酸使血浆总游离氨基酸的吸收峰值提前。晶体赖氨酸经微囊化后,其水中溶失率显著降低(P<0.05),仅... 相似文献
12.
动植物蛋白源替代鱼粉研究进展 总被引：42，自引：5，他引：37
With the fast development of aquaculture, fish meal needs increased in recent years, however the quantity of fish catching decreases gradually. Fishmeal is a limited feed resource, and serious concem exists on the future availability of this feedstuff for incorporation in fish diets. Undoubtedly, fish meal is well recognized as the best dietary protein source for most marine carnivorous fishes which required high dietary protein levels compared to omnivorous or herbivorous fish. Fishmeal is known for their high content of essential amino acids and fatty acids, low carbohydrates, high digestibility, low levels of anti-nutritional factors (for fresh fish meal) and is a very good source of minerals and is highly palatable. Thus fish meal is in high demand as the protein source for many formulated diets. However, production of fish meal consumes approximately 35 % of the total global fish catch, and the increasing price and potentially unstable supply in the market could be limiting factors for marine fish culture. There have been strong efforts to define and develop cost-effective protein sources that can, at least partly, substitute for expensive high-quality fish meals in least-cost feed formulations. The search for fish meal substitutes and altemative dietary protein sources is an international research priority that could be of considerable economic advantages. Therefore it is urgent task to find animal and plant protein sources in place of fish meal. Among these, plant feedstuffs have received most attention in recent years, but due to their amino acid unbalances, .presence of anti-nutritional factors and low palatability, a high level of replacement of fish meal with plant feedstuffs in omnivorous fish is generally not well accepted. This paper reviews the research status for other protein sources replacing fish meal based on available information in the literature. Animal and plant protein sources nutrient values are evaluated from the aspect of digestibility, antinutrients, physiological status and suitable supplementation. 相似文献
13.
Paul B. Brown Christopher D. Williams Edwin H. Robinson Dean M. Akiyama Addison L. Lawrence 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1986,17(1-4):19-24
Adult red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) were held in fecal collection chambers and fed common feedstuffs isosubstituted in experimental diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) coefficients were determined by the total collection and indicator (chromic oxide) methods. Feedstuffs tested were menhaden fish meal, soybean meal, alpha-soy protein, casein, gelatin, wheat bran, rice bran, wheat gluten, shrimp meal, crab chitin, cellulose, squid meal, corn starch and diatomaceous sand. Rate of consumption of plant feedstuffs was generally higher than feedstuffs of animal origin. Consumption of fish meal and shrimp meal was low (0.59 and 0.44% body weightlday, respectively). Fecal chromium concentrations were lower than chromium concentrations of experimental diets and precluded calculation of realistic coefficients by the indicator method. Analysis of refused feed samples indicated that crayfish did not consume the indicator in the same proportion as the remainder of the diet; therefore, the total collection method was judged the better approach to determining digestion coefficients. ADMD and ACPD coefficients of plant feedstuffs were generally higher than coefficients determined for animal feedstuffs. ADMD coefficients indicated substantial carbohydrate digestion by crayfish. 相似文献
14.
Delbert M Gatlin III Frederic T Barrows Paul Brown Konrad Dabrowski T Gibson Gaylord Ronald W Hardy Eliot Herman Gongshe Hu Åshild Krogdahl Richard Nelson Kenneth Overturf Michael Rust Wendy Sealey Denise Skonberg Edward J Souza David Stone Rich Wilson & Eve Wurtele 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(6):551-579
Continued growth and intensification of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace fish meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuffs, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various fish species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuffs considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuffs are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively affect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuffs is not specifically considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid profiles to meet the metabolic requirements of fish and maximize human health benefits are important aspects. Specific strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuffs and limit potentially adverse effects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuffs in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuffs and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture. 相似文献
15.
The refinement of hybrid striped bass feed formulations has been progressing rapidly. There is still, however, limited information available regarding nutrient digestibility and amino acid availability from common feedstuffs. A pair of experiments was conducted to determine the protein digestibility and amino acid availability to sunshine bass from an assortment of commercially available animal protein feedstuffs, blended animal products and plant protein feedstuffs in extruded diets. The feedstuffs tested were blood meal, poultry by‐product meal, fish solubles, Pro‐Pak 60, Pro‐Pak 65, ProCon 65RDB, and 60FMC for the animal protein feedstuffs and brewer's yeast, canola meal, peanut meal, and sunflower meal for the plant protein feedstuffs. Test diets consisted of a mixture of nutritionally complete reference diet and test ingredient. Triplicate tanks of fish were fed their respective diets for 7 days prior to collection of faeces by stripping. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (ADC‐CP) in the animal products ranged from 47% for 60FMC to a high of 70% for fish solubles. ADC‐CPs for animal products were not different across products. Blood meal, poultry by‐product meal, Pro‐Pak 60, Pro‐Pak 65, and ProCon had intermediate ADC‐CPs of 63, 55, 63, 57 and 52%, respectively. ADC‐CP in plant feedstuffs ranged from 43% for canola meal to 80% for peanut meal. Brewer's yeast, canola meal, and sunflower meal had intermediate ADC‐CPs at 54, 43 and 69%, respectively. Apparent amino acid availability coefficients were variable across animal products and did not necessarily correlate to the ADC‐CPs for a given feedstuff. Isoleucine availability was low in blood meal at 38% compared with 59% or better for the remaining amino acids. Lysine, tyrosine and phenylalanine availability from fish solubles was low at 31, 35 and 44%, respectively. Amino acid availability from Pro‐Pak 60 was consistently higher across all amino acids for the animal products and blends tested. Of the plant products tested, peanut meal was the best performing feedstuff relative to amino acid availability. 相似文献
16.
Incorporation of plant protein feedstuffs into fish meal diets for rainbow trout increases phosphorus availability 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Individual plant protein feedstuffs were incorporated into a diet containing fish meal and fed to rainbow trout to determine apparent and true phosphorus availability (APA and TPA, respectively). The plant protein feedstuffs evaluated were soybean, canola and peanut meals; each was incorporated at 200 g kg–1 of dry matter. The average initial weight of fish was 68 g and the water temperature was maintained at 15°C. Concentrations of macronutrients were constant in diets. Incorporation of plant protein feedstuffs significantly increased APA and TPA values. The APA values were 19.5% for fish meal and 39.5%, 40.2%, and 38.5% for the diets containing soybean meal, canola meal, and peanut meal, respectively. Similarly, the TPA values for the combination of fish meal and plant protein feedstuff were 43.4%, 42.1% and 40.6% for diets containing soybean, canola and peanut meals, respectively, which were significantly higher than values for fish meal (21.5%). Calculation of APA and TPA values for individual feedstuffs resulted in values for the plant protein ingredients of over 100%. We speculate that the increased APA and TPA values were the result of decreasing total dietary phosphorus concentrations or dilution of the calcium concentrations from bone in fish meal. 相似文献
17.
A. ESTÉVEZ L. TREVIÑO Y. KOTZAMANIS I. KARACOSTAS L. TORT E. GISBERT 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2011,17(2):e572-e582
Four experimental diets with different inclusion levels of plant proteins and fish protein hydrolysates were compared with a commercial diet for meagre (Argyrosomus regius) ongrowing at optimal and suboptimal water temperature. Results in terms of growth in length and weight, conversion efficiency, dietary feed intake and utilization, body composition (whole fish and liver) as well as enzyme and immunological activities are presented. Fish growth was significantly reduced by the inclusion of plant proteins, although further addition of fish protein hydrolysates improved the results. Daily feed intake was not affected by plant protein inclusion in the diets, although the group fed the highest inclusion level showed lower ingestion than the rest of the groups, probably as a consequence of a reduced dietary palatability. The decrease in water temperature during the second part of the experiment had a negative effect on feed intake and fish growth. Gross visceral morphology of meagre fed the experimental diets was not affected, but muscle weight was significantly reduced. Whole body and liver composition was not affected with plant protein inclusion. However, the inclusion of fish protein hydrolysates resulted in a significant increase in fat content, especially in liver cholesterol and steryl esters, with a parallel reduction in protein. Brush border enzymes were affected by plant protein inclusion as well as serum lysozyme that significantly increased in the fish fed the highest inclusion level. As a conclusion, up to 315 g kg?1 plant protein (76.2% of total protein content) can be included in the diet for meagre without affecting growth or feed utilization. Higher inclusion levels can also be used if at least 5% fish protein hydrolysate is also included. 相似文献
18.
为研究饲料中添加茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用和抗氧化能力的影响，选取240尾初始体重为(3.5±1.0) g的团头鲂幼鱼，随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复20尾。实验配制了茶多酚添加量分别为0 (对照组)、100、300和500 mg/kg的等氮等能饲料，饲喂团头鲂幼鱼8周后测定鱼体生长性能、肌肉组成、血液生化指标和肝肠抗氧化指标。结果显示，摄食300 mg/kg茶多酚组的增重率(WGR)相较于对照组显著提高，蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于低添加量组，饲料系数(FCR)显著降低。500 mg/kg茶多酚显著降低了鱼体肌肉粗脂肪含量。茶多酚的添加显著降低了血浆葡萄糖(GLU)含量，且300和500 mg/kg茶多酚添加组团头鲂肝肠丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于无添加组。100和300mg/kg茶多酚添加组鱼体肝肠组织中还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著高于对照组。此外，300 mg/kg茶多酚添加组鱼体肝脏的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)活性也显著高于对照组。养殖实验结束后，通过腹腔注射浓度为50%的四氯化碳(CCl4)溶液诱导... 相似文献
19.
A study was conducted with channel catfish, Ictalurus puntatus to determine apparent digestibility/availability coefficients of protein, amino acids, lipid and energy for alternative plant‐protein feedstuffs: corn gluten feed, corn germ meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and canola meal, compared with those for soybean meal. A 32%‐protein, chemically defined diet containing 8% fish meal was used as the reference diet. Test diets consisted of 70:30 ratio of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (0.75% of the diet) as an inert indicator. Apparent digestibility/availability coefficients of protein, essential amino acids and energy in alternative protein feedstuffs tested were generally lower than those in soybean meal by channel catfish. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein ranged from 75 to 87% and those of energy ranged from 52 to 59% for alternative feedstuffs. Lysine in alternative feedstuffs was 67–79%, methionine was 69–85% and cystine was 73–82% available to channel catfish. There were no significant differences in lipid ADCs among test feedstuffs (91.9–96.8%). Results from the present study can be useful in formulating cost‐effective catfish feeds using these alternative feedstuffs. 相似文献
20.
Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein feed ingredients for loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Z.J. Chu D.H. Yu Y.C. Yuan Y. Qiao W.J. Cai H. Shu Y.C. Lin 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2015,21(4):425-432
Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, lipid and energy, and amino acids availability in white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal, fermented soybean meal, soybean meal and rapeseed meal were determined for loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (12.05 ± 0.21 g), using a reference diet with 5 g kg?1 chromic oxide and test diets that contained 700 g kg?1 reference diet, by weight, and 300 g kg?1 of the test feed ingredients. The juvenile loach was held in 300‐l tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. White fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal had highest apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy among ingredients tested, ranged from 50.4% to 60.9% for dry matter, from 64.6% to 88.4% for crude protein and from 57.9% to 79.0% for gross energy. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter ranged from 61.0% to 66.9% for animal products and 50.4% to 60.7% for plant products. For crude protein, apparent digestibility coefficients of protein exceeding 80% were observed for white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal, and the apparent digestibility coefficients of protein in rapeseed meal were the lowest among all the treatments. Lipids from both animal and plant feedstuffs were poorly digested by loach, ranging from 64.0% to 77.6%. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy were similar to those of dry matter and protein, and the highest and lowest ADCs of energy were found in WFM and RM, respectively. The loach used dietary phosphorus from the animal feedstuffs more efficiently than from plant feedstuffs (soybean meal and rapeseed meal), with ADC‐values ranging from 42.3% to 53.1% and from 25.1% to 32.7%, respectively. For the animal products, the availabilities of amino acids in white fish meal and brown fish meal were higher than that in meat meal, expect for Met, Asp, Pro, Gly, and Cys. Among all the plant products, the availabilities of amino acids in fermented soybean meal were higher than in soybean meal and rapeseed meal, and thus had a greater potential to be used as a dietary replacement of fish meal in loach diets. 相似文献