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1.
豆科和蓼科牧草的组合发酵特性研究   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
应用体外发酵产气技术,评价了鲁梅克斯、三叶草和苜蓿分别以0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0进行两两组合时的发酵特性.结果表明,鲁梅克斯与苜蓿组合时,不同组合比例间的发酵动力学参数差异不显著(P>0.05);苜蓿与三叶草组合时,理论最大产气量(A)及产气速率常数(b)以苜蓿占25%时最高,显著(P<0.05)高于苜蓿占75%的组合;鲁梅克斯与三叶草组合时理论最大产气量及产气速率常数分别以鲁梅克斯占25%和50%的组合最高,并显著高于鲁梅克斯占75%的组合.相同牧草组合时不同组合比例产气延滞时间之间的差异不显著(P>0.05).不同牧草组合时不同比例组合牧草各时间点的产气量表现出显著的正组合效应或正组合效应趋势,在发酵12和24 h时,产气量最易出现显著的正组合效应,不同牧草组合时产气量的组合效应量随发酵时间的延长而下降.理论最大产气量、产气速率常数及48 h产气量(GP)与OM、ADF、NDS含量及NDS/CP呈显著正相关关系,而与CP、NDF及HC的含量呈显著负相关关系.发酵延滞时间与OM(P<0.001)、ADF(P<0.001)含量及NDS/CP(P<0.01)呈显著负相关关系,而与CP(P<0.001)及HC(P<0.001)的含量呈显著正相关关系.结论认为,组合牧草体外发酵产气程度主要受非结构性碳水化合物与粗蛋白比例的影响.  相似文献   

2.
体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜常用粗饲料组合效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜的3种常用粗饲料青贮玉米（Zea mays）秸秆、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青干草和燕麦（Arrhenatherum elatius）青干草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例两两组合时的发酵特性。结果表明,理论最大产气量、48 h产气量分别与中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白（NDS/CP）（P＜0.001）、有机物（OM）（P＜0.01）,中性洗涤可溶物（NDS）（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）（P＜0.001）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）（P＜0.05）和粗蛋白（CP）（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系;产气速率常数分别与OM（P＜0.001）、NDS（P＜0.001）和NDS/CP（P＜0.01）呈正相关关系,分别与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.001）;产气延滞时间与ADF（P＜0.01）和NDF（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与OM（P＜0.01）、NDS（P＜0.05）和NDS/CP（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系,说明了组合牧草体外发酵产气程度主要受非结构性碳水化合物与粗蛋白比例的影响。3种粗饲料两两组合搭配时,青贮玉米秸秆与苜蓿青干草以25∶75比例、青贮玉米秸秆与燕麦青干草以50∶50比例、苜蓿青干草与燕麦青干草以25∶75或50∶50比例组合时较为合适,且随着发酵时间的延长,各组合均呈现组合效应量逐渐减弱的变化趋势。  相似文献   

3.
体外产气法评价青海高原燕麦青干草与天然牧草组合效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本研究采用体外产气法评价了青海高原反刍家畜补饲用燕麦青干草分别与藏嵩草、金露梅+珠芽蓼、线叶嵩草3种天然牧草均按0∶100,25∶75,50∶50,75∶25,100∶0的比例两两组合后的发酵产气特性。结果表明,48 h产气量、理论最大产气量与NDS(P＜0.01)呈正相关关系,而与NDF(P＜0.01)、HC(P＜0.01)呈负相关关系;产气速率常数与HC(P＜0.01)呈负相关关系;产气延滞时间与ADF(P＜0.001)、NDF(P＜0.05)呈正相关关系,而与CP(P＜0.01)、NDS(P＜0.05)呈负相关关系。不同牧草组合在发酵12～24 h的正组合效应较高,且随着发酵时间的延长,各组合均呈组合效应量逐渐减弱的变化趋势;且以燕麦青干草作为补饲草进行该地区天然草地反刍家畜的冷季营养补饲时,燕麦青干草分别与藏嵩草、金露梅+珠芽蓼、线叶嵩草草地型牧草均以50∶50比例组合较为合适。因此,做好牧草间的科学搭配组合是提高青海高原天然草地冷季牧草利用率的有效途径之一。  相似文献   

4.
小麦秸秆与米糠粕瘤胃体外发酵组合效应研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了探讨小麦秸秆与米糠粕间的组合效应,采用体外产气法评价了小麦秸秆与米糠粕按100:0(RBM0)、75:25(RBM25)、50:50(RBM50)、25:75(RBM75)、0:100(RBM100)的比例组合后的发酵特性。结果表明,1)在产气特性方面,随着米糠粕比例的增加,12,24,48 h累计产气量(GP)、理论最大产气量(HM)和产气速率(B)逐渐增大,而体外延滞时间(Lag)逐渐降低,各比例之间差异显著(P<0.05)。2)在体外发酵12,24,48 h时,当米糠粕占25%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的产气量产生最大组合效应(P<0.05)。3)当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的干物质降解率(DMD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)、酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)最大,各比例之间差异显著(P<0.05);当米糠粕占25%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的DMD产生最大的组合效应(P<0.05);当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的NDFD、ADFD产生最大组合效应(P<0.05)。4)当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕组合体外发酵48 h的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸浓度最高,乙酸/丙酸最低。5)48 h累计产气量、产气速率与干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)以及中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)极显著正相关(P<0.01),与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、有机物(OM)、半纤维(HC)以及中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白(NDS/CP)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);理论最大产气量与DM、CP、Ash、NDS显著正相关(P<0.05),与NDF、ADF、OM和HC显著负相关(P<0.05);Lag与NDS/CP极显著正相关(P<0.01)。本试验结果提示,在本试验条件下,从产气量及干物质降解率的组合效应方面来看,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的最优组合是75:25;从纤维降解率的组合效应方面来看,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的最优组合是25:75。  相似文献   

5.
应用体外发酵产气技术,评价了玉米、小麦秸秆和苜蓿干草分别以0:100、25:75、50:50、75:25和100:0进行两两组合时的发酵特性。结果表明,不同比例组合人工瘤胃pH值差异不显著(P<0.05);不同比例组合氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、产气量(GP)、理论最大产气量(A)、产气速率常数(b)及产气延滞时间(LAG)变化趋势不同;苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆按50:50的比例或苜蓿干草与小麦秸秆按50:50、75:25的比例组合时的组合效应明显好于其它组合。结论认为,生产实践中应针对低质粗饲料营养特性,适当添补易发酵或高蛋白牧草,提高粗饲料利用效率。  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在通过体外产气法评定不同处理水稻秸秆-马铃薯淀粉渣混合料(PSF:秸秆-薯渣混合料、SSF:秸秆-薯渣固态发酵产物、SFS:秸秆-薯渣青贮)的营养价值。混合料通过体外发酵试验,测定不同时间点的累积产气量,以及24 h体外发酵参数和养分降解率,并分析其发酵动力学参数与养分之间的相关性。结果表明:SFS除72 h,其余时间点的累积产气量均显著高于PSF和SSF(P0.05),SFS和SSF理论最大产气量显著高于PSF(P0.05),分别提高67.2%和71.6%,但PSF产气速度、产气延滞期显著高于SSF和SFS(P0.05)。相比PSF,SSF和SFS显著提高体外干物质降解率(IVDMD)、体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(IVNDFD)和体外粗蛋白质降解率(IVCPD)(P0.05),分别提高34.5%和5.1%、41.8%和5.9%、57.8%和50.0%。饲料最大产气量与酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),产气速度与ADF呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),产气延滞期与ADF之间呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),饲料发酵参数与粗蛋白质(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)无相关性(P0.05)。结合产气量与体外降解数据可知,SSF和SFS饲用价值较高,为秸秆-薯渣混合料作为饲料原料合理配制反刍动物日粮提供理论指导。  相似文献   

7.
本试验旨在探讨不同中性洗涤纤维与淀粉比例(NDF/starch)饲粮对体外瘤胃发酵的影响。选用玉米青贮、燕麦干草和玉米调整饲粮NDF/starch,配制0.86(Ⅰ)、1.13(Ⅱ)、1.56(Ⅲ)和2.38(Ⅳ)4种NDF/starch的全混合日粮,采用3头体况良好且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液的供体动物,利用体外发酵试验结合动态产气实时记录技术,测定累积产气量(2、6、12、24、36、48 h)、产气动力学参数和瘤胃发酵特性指标。结果表明:1)随着饲粮NDF/starch的提高,发酵48 h体外干物质降解率逐渐下降,I、Ⅱ组均显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05);48h累积产气量和理论最大产气量呈下降趋势,Ⅳ组显著低于其他各组(P0.05);组间达1/2理论最大产气量的时间、最大产气速率无显著差异(P0.05)。2)NDF/starch对发酵液氨态氮和微生物蛋白浓度影响不显著(P0.05)。3)随着饲粮NDF/starch的增加,p H、乙酸/丙酸、乙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸呈显著或极显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度及丙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸呈显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01)。4)不同NDF/starch饲粮营养水平与体外发酵参数相关性分析表明,48 h累积产气量、理论最大产气量与淀粉含量、中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)含量、中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白质(NDS/CP)、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)含量呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),而与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01)。综合而言,本试验条件下,体外产气法测定饲粮NDF/starch在0.86~1.13之间对体外瘤胃发酵较好。  相似文献   

8.
为研究不同饲草对反刍动物甲烷(CH4)排放量的影响,利用虚拟仪器技术设计的体外发酵产气自动记录系统,结合气相色谱仪,测定了奶牛业常用饲草体外发酵72 h后的发酵指标。结果表明:发酵72 h后,供试饲草的CH4产量介于56.85～74.63 mL.g-1DMloss,最高的为玉米(Zea mays L.)秸秆,最低的为苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)干草Ⅰ。体外发酵程度由高到低依次为青贮玉米、苜蓿干草Ⅰ、苜蓿干草Ⅱ、羊草(Leymus chinensis T.)干草、苜蓿茎秆、玉米秸秆。各饲草的产气动态均呈指数函数变化,趋势相似,在0～24 h内累计产气量迅速增加,24～36 h内增长速率渐缓,36 h以后速率趋于平缓。各饲草的CH4产量与其中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量成显著正相关(P<0.05),与其粗蛋白(CP)含量成极显著负相关(P<0.01);通过逐步回归分析,建立常规养分含量与CH4产量的回归模型:PCH4=60.02-0.91×CP+0.44×ADF(R2=0.96)。综上表明,饲草的CH4产量与其品质有关,优质饲草体外发酵程度高,CH4产量低,从而提高饲料利用率、减少温室效应,而劣质饲草则相反。  相似文献   

9.
试验选用2头装有瘤胃瘘管的科尔沁黄牛,采用尼龙袋法测定5种粗饲料(三叶草、苜蓿干草、稻草、玉米秸秆和羊草)在黄牛瘤胃内干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的有效降解率(ED)和营养物质消化率。结果表明:DM和CP有效降解率和营养物质消化率三叶草最高,稻草最低,羊草、苜蓿干草和玉米秸秆居中;NDF和ADF的有效降解率和营养物质消化率以苜蓿干草最高,玉米秸秆最低;稻草和玉米秸秆饲用价值较低,苜蓿干草和三叶草饲用价值较高。  相似文献   

10.
不同牧草品种对体外发酵产气特性的影响   总被引：8，自引：6，他引：8  
采用改进的体外产气技术评价了10种不同牧草的体外产气特性.利用非线性回归方程获得了Gompertz模型的发酵动力学参数(理论最大产气量、产气速率常数和延滞时间),分析了不同品种牧草间发酵动力学参数的差异及发酵动力学参数与营养成分之间的相关关系.结果表明,不同品种牧草间产气动力学参数差异显著(P<0.05).理论最大产气量、产气速率常数和产气延滞时间分别以苏丹草、黑麦草和桂牧1号最高,而以鲁梅克斯、鲁梅克斯和苏丹草最低.相关分析表明理论最大产气量和累积产气量分别与OM含量、NDS/CP值及(NDS-Ash)/CP值呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),而与CP含量呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01).产气速率常数与营养成分无显著相关性.产气延滞时间与半纤维素的含量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),而与NDS/CP值和(NDS-Ash)/CP值呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.001).结论认为牧草中非结构性碳水化合物与蛋白质比例决定了体外发酵产气的特性.  相似文献   

11.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

12.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

13.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

14.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

15.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

16.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

17.
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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19.
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.  相似文献   

20.
Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein  相似文献   

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