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人工雌核发育及其在遗传学和水产养殖上的应用 总被引：21，自引：7，他引：21
精子染色体的失活(用辐射或化学物处理)与细胞分裂的抑制(用冷休克、热休克或水静压法)的染色体组控制技术，能够容易地应用于鱼类而产生正常的雌核发育二倍体个体。在雌性配子同型(XX)的鱼类中，雌核发育个体具有其母亲的全部染色体且应该全部是雌性。局部自交，即杂合的雌核发育二倍体可以通过保留卵子第二极体的处理产生之完全纯合的雌核发育二倍体则可以用阻止第一次有丝分裂的方法产生。雌核发育对基因作图与纯合自交系的快速建立是有用的。这些自交系可用于遗传学与选择育种的研究。尽管雌核发育可以被用来产生单性种群，但由于后裔中自交衰退的存在，因此它可能不是种群控制的最好方法。目前，雄核发育还没有被广泛地应用于鱼类，但对自交系的产生来说，作为雌核发育的一个补充方法同样具有潜力。 相似文献
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采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）精子激活栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）卵子,并用6-DMAP诱导染色体加倍的方法,获得第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎。多聚甲醛固定、免疫荧光染色后,运用荧光显微镜观察栉孔扇贝正常发育卵子和异源精子诱导的雌核发育卵子,对其受精过程中微管的动态变化过程进行观察和分析。结果表明：（1）正常发育组受精卵内以微管为基础的纺锤体能够顺利地组装并引导卵细胞进行减数分裂和第一、第二极体的排放,以及雌、雄原核融合和第一次卵裂;（2）异源精子诱导雌核发育的卵子经6-DMAP处理后,部分微管变得模糊或消失,纺锤体受到破坏导致染色体的分离无法进行,第二极体的形成受到抑制并使雌核染色体二倍化;去除6-DMAP作用后,微管重新组装,雌核分裂重新启动继而进行卵裂;精核保持固浓缩状态或轻微膨胀形成雄性原核,但卵裂后期则以致密的染色质体（DCB）形式存在于分裂沟上或进入一个卵裂球中。结果证实,长牡蛎精子经紫外线遗传灭活后可顺利进入并激活栉孔扇贝成熟卵子但不参与合子核的形成,6-DMAP也可有效抑制第二极体的排放而获得雌核发育二倍体胚胎。本实验结果为研究异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的可行性提供了细胞学依据。 相似文献
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利用荧光显微镜观察栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)正常卵子与雄核发育卵子在减数分裂、受精过程和卵裂早期中的核相变化。雄核发育单倍体是将强度为2.8mW/(cm2·s)的紫外线照射20s的卵子与正常精子受精后得到的。结果表明,尽管紫外线照射并没有影响卵子的成熟分裂及雌性、雄性原核的形成,但它们的发生过程滞后。在第1卵裂中期,雄核发育卵子中雌性原核并不像雄性原核一样形成染色体,而是形成1个浓缩的染色质小体(DCB)。第1卵裂后期,DCB不参与核分裂。第1卵裂结束时,DCB位于2个分裂球其中之一的细胞质内或在赤道板处被分割成两部分。实验结果首次提供了栉孔扇贝雄核发育的细胞学证据。 相似文献
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(二) 现代生物技术育种方法生物技术又称生物工程,与育种相关的生物技术主要是基因工程和细胞工程。基因工程应用于鱼类育种尚属始探索阶段,而细胞工程应用于鱼类育种已取得显著成效。 1、鱼类的雌核发育 (1) 鱼类的天然雌核发育在自然界,动物的生育方式有单性生殖和两性生殖之分。脊椎动物大多行两性生殖,但在鱼类也有少数种类是行雌核发育的。所谓雌核发育是指某些鱼类例如美洲鳉、银鲫,这些鱼类的成熟卵子已具备全部发育信息的潜能;并能够限制精子的作用只能激活卵子发育不产生雄性原核。我国黑龙江水系的银鲫是天然三倍体,而且以雌核发育方式进行繁殖的两性种群。我国科技工作者已经证实、银鲫的卵子不进行第二次成熟分裂,故其染色体不减半而始终保持三倍体;同 相似文献
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人工诱导鱼类雌核发育的实验研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
<正> 人工诱导鱼类雌核发育技术是六十年代必起的,属于染色体遗传工程。此技术首先在苏联兴起,而后欧美等国相继进行了研究。所谓人工诱导鱼类雌核发育(生)就是使遗传上去活的精子进入未受精卵使卵单性发育。在这里人工去活的精子仅起激活卵子发育作用而不参与遗传物质。这项技术的建立不仅能控制性别,而且由于使其雌性染色体加倍高度近亲,这就为迅速建立鱼类纯系 相似文献
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牙鲆雌核发育研究进展 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)是一种重要的海水经济鱼类,其雌性生长速度显著快于雄性。因此,生产全雌牙鲆对提高养殖产量和经济效益具有重要意义。雌核发育是一种特殊的有性生殖方式,在这种生殖方式中,灭活的精子进入卵子,激活胚胎发育,但精核不与卵核融合形成合子,所以雌核发育的个体只具有母本的遗传信息。目前,牙鲆已成为雌核发育技术应用于产业的代表性鱼类。本文对牙鲆人工诱导雌核发育的研究进展进行综述,介绍牙鲆减数分裂雌核发育和有丝分裂雌核发育的诱导方法,以及雌核发育技术在性别控制、克隆制备等育种研究中的应用。最后,作者提出"雌核发育育种体系"构想,并对其在鱼类育种和遗传研究中的应用前景进行展望。 相似文献
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紫外线诱导栉孔扇贝雄核发育的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
研究了利用紫外线诱导栉孔扇贝雄核发育的条件。表明紫外线(254nm)对卵子染色质失活是有效的。在强度为2.8mW·cm-2·s 1的紫外线下照射20s的卵子与正常精子混合后能保持一定的受精率(60.2%),且D形幼虫发生率为0。染色体检查结果显示此时单倍体率最高(49.2%)。说明在强度为2.8mW·cm-2·s-1的紫外线下照射20s是获得雄核发育单倍体的适宜条件。研究发现受精率和D形幼虫发生率随照射时间的增加而下降,遗传失活的卵子与正常精子受精后其胚胎发育至D形幼虫前期停止。实验中各处理组均出现非整倍体。出现的原因可能由于紫外线照射剂量对卵子染色体遗传失活的作用程度不同以及DNA的光修复。 相似文献
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采用组织切片及类固醇激素含量测定等方法,研究青虾Macrobrachium nipponense幼虾发育第1~31d的精巢、卵巢及促雄腺发育的起始时间、发育过程及成熟时间。结果表明:青虾幼虾发育到第10d(PL10)时促雄腺呈索状结构开始发育,随后经历增殖期(PL10)、合成期(PL13)和分泌期(PL19)3个发育阶段发育成熟,形成完整的促雄腺。青虾精巢和卵巢均在幼虾发育第13d(PL13)开始发育,精巢形成不规则排列的精原细胞,而卵巢生殖上皮开始分化为椭圆或多边形的卵原细胞。精巢经精原细胞期(PL13)、精母细胞期(PL16)、精细胞期(PL19)和精子期(PL22)4个发育阶段成熟,此时成熟的精巢生精小管内充满成熟的精子。卵巢经卵原细胞期(PL13)、初级卵母细胞期(PL16)、次级卵母细胞期(PL16)和卵子期(PL19)4个时期发育成熟,此时卵巢充满成熟卵子。从PL1到PL22,睾酮分泌量逐渐增加,维持在稳定水平至PL25后逐渐下降;从PL1到PL19,17β-雌二醇的分泌量逐渐增加,维持在稳定水平至PL25后逐渐下降。本研究显示:促雄腺与精巢发育过程均持续10d,但促雄腺早于精巢3d开始发育和成熟,这可为性别和生殖相关基因的筛选及性别调控机制的研究提供参考。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Iciar Martinez Amaya Velasco Ricardo Pérez-Martín Eskil Forås Michiaki Yamashita Carmen G. Sotelo 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(4):289-297
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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